2018年學(xué)位英語考試自測習(xí)題及答案（18）

　　Part I Reading Comprehension (30%)

　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

　　Archaeology, like many academic words, comes from Greek and means, more or less, “the study of old things”. So, it is really a part of the study of history. However, most historians use paper evidence, such as letters, paintings and photographs，but archaeologists (考古家) learn from the objects left behind by the humans of long ago. Normally, these are the hard materials that don't break down or disappear very quickly—things like human bones and objects made from stone and metal.

　　It is very unusual to find anything more than the hard evidence of history--normally, the bacteria (細菌) in the air eat away at soft materials, like bodies, clothes and things made of wood. Occasionally, things are different.

　　In 1984, two men made an amazing discovery while working in a bog called Lindow Moss, in the north of England. A bog is a very wet area of earth, with a lot of plants growing in it. It can be like a very big and very thick vegetable soup—walk in the wrong place and you can sink and disappear forever. The men were working when one of them saw something sticking out—a human foot! Naturally, the men called the police，who then found the rest of the body. Was it a case of murder? Possibly--but it was a death nearly two thousand years old. The two men had found a body from the time of the Roman invasion of Britain. Despite being so old, this body had skin, muscles, hair and internal organs—the scientists who examined him were able to look inside the man's stomach and find the food that he had eaten for his last meal!

　　Why was this man so well preserved? (76) It was because he was in a very watery environment, safe fi:om the bacteria that need oxygen to live. Also, the water in the bog was very acidic. The acid preserved the man's skin in the way that animal skin is preserved for leather coats and shoes.

　　How did he die? Understandably, archaeologists and other scientists wanted to know more about the person that they called,“Lindow Man”. (77) His hands and fingernails suggested that he hadn't done heavy manual work in his life—he could have been a rich man. They found that he hadn't died by accident. The archaeologists believe that he was sacrificed to three different gods.

　　1. Which language does the word “archaeology”come from?

　　A. French. B. Greek. C. Roman. D. German.

　　【答案】B。答案：可能談不上什么常識儲備，我們帶著題干關(guān)鍵詞：“archaeology”一目一行定位答案范圍在：第一段第一句話�！癮rchaeology”一詞源于希臘語。因此答案選擇選項B。應(yīng)該是屬于送分題目，不含技巧成分。

　　2. The word “these” in the first paragraph refers to_______.

　　A. letters B. photographs C. paintings D. objects

　　【答案】D。答案：these“這些”，指代的東西前面已經(jīng)提及過，四個選項均有提及，A與B與C選項，是用and連接起來的沒有主次之分的四個并列詞語，反過來也就是說，它們當(dāng)中，我們無從選擇，答案是D。D選項就包含了前面三個選項的內(nèi)容。

　　具體解法：細節(jié)題。根據(jù)“these”一詞的上下語境可判斷，該詞是指上句話中的“objects left behind by the humans of long ago”，很久以前人們留下來諸如骨頭、石頭和金屬之類的物體，因此答案選擇D。

　　3. Which of the following helped to preserve“Lindow Man”?

　　A. Ice and Iow temperature. B. Bacteria and oxygen.

　　C. Soil and energy. D. Acid and water.

　　【答案】D。答案：帶著題干關(guān)鍵詞：preserve“Lindow Man” 一目一行定位答案范圍在：第四段的“he was in a very watery environment”和“the water in the bog was very acidic”，可知是由于充滿水的環(huán)境以及水里面的酸使尸體保存比較完好，因此答案選D。

　　4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

　　A. “Lindow Man”was named after the person who first found him.

　　B. Historians usually use paper evidence, while archaeologists use hard evidence.

　　C. “Lindow Man” was found by two archaeologists in the south of England.

　　D. “Lindow Man”was good at manual work.

　　【答案】B。答案：此類題目，最好是帶著選項內(nèi)容去原文中尋找有價值的信息：A選項在第三段的細節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第三段可知“Lindow Man”是bog沼澤的名稱，故A錯;“Lindow Man”是兩個施工中的男子發(fā)現(xiàn)，故C錯;根據(jù)最后一段，可知“Lindow Man”是一個很少做體力活的富人，故D錯;而從第一段中，可得知B對。

　　認真做了第二小題的話，此題目就手到擒來了：However, most historians use paper evidence, such as letters, paintings and photographs，but archaeologists (考古學(xué)家) learn from the objects left behind by the humans of long ago. Normally, these are the hard materials…….。

　　5. Which is the best title for the passage?

　　A. What Is Archaeology?

　　B. Archaeology and History

　　C. An Amazing Archaeological Discovery

　　D. The Death of“Lindow Man”

　　【答案】C。答案：此類題目我們有兩種方法：一、利用切題解題法，通過題干的設(shè)置，去了解文章的大意，因為出題人的題干設(shè)置一般而言，也是圍繞文章中心的;二、瀏覽每一自然段的第一句話和最后一句話，因為這些地方是主旨出沒的地方。

　　此題目利用第二種方法較好：第三段第一句“兩個人有了一個驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)….”;第四段第一句話“為什么這個人保存得如此完好…..”;第五段“他是怎么死的…”。與之匹配的是C選項。

　　具此可知，文章主要介紹了“Lindow Man”這一考古學(xué)上的驚人發(fā)現(xiàn)，而非講述考古學(xué)的概念，也非考古學(xué)與歷史的關(guān)系或“Lindow Man”的死因，因此ABD均為以偏概全。

　　【全 文 翻 譯】

　　“考古學(xué)”一詞像其他的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯一樣，是來自于希臘語，意思大致為“研究舊的東西”。所以，它是歷史研究的一部分。然而，大多數(shù)歷史學(xué)家使用諸如信函、油畫和照片之類的紙質(zhì)證據(jù)，而考古學(xué)家則從很久以前人類留下的物體獲取信息。一般這些物體是不容易分解或者消失的硬東西，比如說人的骨頭、石頭和金屬制作的東西。

　　通常除了這些硬東西，很少能再發(fā)現(xiàn)其他的東西，因為空氣中的細菌常常會腐蝕掉尸體、衣服和木制品之類的軟東西。不過偶爾也會有例外。

　　1984年，在英格蘭北部一個叫做“Lindow Moss”的沼澤地區(qū)，兩個男子正在施工的時候有一個驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)。該沼澤是一個浸滿水的地域，上面長了很多植物，可以比作一碗很大很稠的湯——一一旦你走錯了地方就會沉下去并永遠消失。兩個人正在施工時，其中一個人看見一個從水中翹起來的東西—— 一個人腳!于是他們就報了警，警察來之后發(fā)現(xiàn)了其余的尸體。這是一件謀殺案嗎?也許，但是這個“案件”差不多是兩千年前的事兒了。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)的這具尸體是古羅馬入侵英國時留下的。盡管尸體已經(jīng)很久遠，但還是保留著皮膚，肌肉，毛發(fā)和內(nèi)臟�？茖W(xué)家們甚至可以看到男子胃的內(nèi)部，以及里面最后一次所吃的食物。

　　為什么這具尸體保存如此完好?這是因為他處在一個非常潮濕多水的環(huán)境中，免受了需要氧氣才能存活的細菌的侵擾。而且沼澤里面的水呈酸性，正如用酸保存皮革和皮鞋一樣，水里面的酸使男子的皮膚得以完好無損。

　　他又是怎么死去的呢?考古學(xué)家和科學(xué)家們理所當(dāng)然地都想知道這個被他們稱為“Lindow Man”男子的更多信息。他的手和手指甲表明他在生活中沒有干過重體力活——他生前可能是一個富人。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)該男子不是死于一個意外事件，考過學(xué)家們進一步認為該男子實際上是被獻祭給三個不同的神靈。

　　Passage 2 　　Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

　　The city has always been an engine of intellectual life, from the 18th-century cafes of London, where citizens gathered to discuss chemistry and politics, to the Left Bank bars of modern Paris, where Picasso talked about modem art. Without the metropolis, we might not have had the great art of Shakespeare.

　　And yet, city life isn't easy. Now scientists have begun to examine how the city affects the brain, and the results are depressing. Just being in an urban environment, they have found, impairs (損害) our basic mental processes. (78) After spending a few minutes on a crowded city street, the brain is less able to hold things in memory, and suffers from reduced self-control. While it's long been recognized that city life is exhausting, this new research suggests that cities actually dull our thinking, sometimes dramatically so.

　　One of the main forces at work is a complete lack of nature, which is surprisingly beneficial for the brain. Studies have demonstrated, for instance, that hospital patients recover more quickly when they can see trees from their windows, and that women living in public housing are better able to focus when their apartments overlook a lawn. Even these glimpses of nature improve brain performance, it seems, because they provide a mental break from the urban life.

　　This research arrives just as humans cross an important milestone (里碑). For the first time in history, the majority of people live in cities. Instead of inhabiting wide-open spaces, we're crowded into concrete jungles, surrounded by traffic and millions of Strangers. In recent years, it's become clear that such unnatural surroundings have important implications for our mental and physical health, and can powerfully alter how we think.

　　This research is also leading some scientists to dabble (涉足) in urban design, as they look for ways to make the city less damaging to the brain. (79) The good news is that even slight alterations, such as planting more trees in the inner city or creating urban parks with a greater variety of plants, can significantly reduce the negative side effects of city life. The mind needs nature, and even a little bit can be a big help.

　　6. Which of the following is the main idea of this passage?

　　A. The city inspires talented people. 　　B. The city hurts your brain.

　　C. The city has many pleasures and benefits. D. The city seriously affects the natural balance.

　　【答案】B。答案：此題目可以放在最后。因為我們也許能夠在下面的題目中，獲得有關(guān)文章大意的信息。主旨題，根據(jù)文章大意，講的是城市生活影響我們的大腦，因此選擇選項B “The city hurts your brain�！�

　　7. The word “metropolis” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to_______.

　　A. citizen B. nature C. city D. stress

　　【答案】 C。答案：題目中的詞語“metropolis”，前面加了定冠詞“the”，說明前面有所指代了，B與D選項原文中沒有提及，排除;A選項放入句子中，句子意思不通順;根據(jù)上文一直在講the city的種種好處，可知此處metropolis也是city的意思。

　　8. People have just come to realize that_______.

　　A. human attention is a scarce resource 　B. city life can make people very tired

　　C. the city is an engine of intellectual life D. an urban environment is damaging to the brain

　　【答案】D。答案：根據(jù)文章第二段第一句話的and yet，表達轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以下面就應(yīng)該講述：城市生活的害處。排除C選項;下面一句話：Now scientists have begun to examine how the city affects the brain, and the results are depressing可知，人們開始認識到城市的環(huán)境對人體大腦的損害，因此選擇D。

　　9. What is the factor mentioned in the third paragraph that helps the hospital patients recover more quickly?

　　A. Nature. B. Better treatment. 　C. Experienced doctors. D. Good medicine.

　　【答案】A。答案：通過前面兩道小題，我們應(yīng)該對文章大意有了這樣的信息：城市生活的害處，環(huán)境對人們生活的影響。

　　仔細瀏覽選項，充分利用切題解題法，我們可以大膽推測答案就是A。因為對病人來說后面三個選項都是至關(guān)重要的，分不出彼此。A選項就切題了。

　　認證答案：帶著題干關(guān)鍵詞：一目一行定位答案范圍在：文章第三段第一句One of the main forces at work is a complete lack of nature, which is surprisingly beneficial for the brain，定語從句修飾nature，說它是對大腦有益的，緊接著舉了醫(yī)院病人看到更多的樹而康復(fù)更快的例子，因此本題選A。

　　10. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

　　A. Different aspects (方面) of an urban environment, such as the crowded streets, can lead to an increase in self-control.

　　B. Small changes in urban design, cannot reduce the negative side effects of city life.

　　C. For the first time in history, the earth's population is more urban than rural.

　　D. A walk down a busy city street will improve brain performance.

　　【答案】C。答案：結(jié)合前面題目的信息與常識儲備，A選項應(yīng)該排除，擁擠的街道還能夠提高自我控制能力，很顯然，這是不可能的，排除;B選項：太絕對，否則我們城市里的街心花園，栽一些樹都沒有好處?利用常識儲備排除：同樣的理由排除D選項。

　　認證答案：細節(jié)題，根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段For the first time in history, the majority of people live in cities大多數(shù)人開始的時候是生活在城市“即城市人口比農(nóng)村人口多”，可知C the earth’s population is more urban than rural是正確的。

　　題外話：我們當(dāng)今不就是這么一種尷尬局面嗎?大量農(nóng)村人口蜂擁而至城市里。

　　再返回去完成第六小題：后面四道小題，提供的信息，都是城市的害處，尤其是對大腦，答案就是B。

　　【全 文 翻 譯】

　　城市一直以來都是知識生活的發(fā)動機，從18世紀英國的咖啡館，公民們聚集在那里討論化學(xué)和政治，到現(xiàn)代巴黎的左岸酒吧，畢加索在那里談?wù)撝�現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)。沒有城市，也許我們就沒莎士比亞的偉大藝術(shù)。

　　然而，城市的生活不易!現(xiàn)在很多科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)城市對人腦有著消極的影響，最后使人們消沉沮喪。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)生活在城市的環(huán)境里會損害我們的基本神智運轉(zhuǎn)。如在一條擁擠的城市街道上待上幾分鐘后，大腦記憶能力不如從前，自我控制能力也減弱了。盡管很久以來人們就認為城市生活會令人精疲力竭，而新的研究表明城市會使我們的思維遲鈍，有時候會極其明顯。

　　作怪的主要力量是城市徹底缺乏自然環(huán)境，而自然環(huán)境恰恰是對大腦大有裨益的因素。這已經(jīng)得到研究的證明，假如醫(yī)院中的病人能從窗戶看到樹木將會恢復(fù)的更快，又如住在公屋中的女子當(dāng)能遙望草坪時候，精神會更容易集中。即使對自然環(huán)境的種種一瞥就可以提高大腦的運作，看來正是因為這些一瞥就可以讓人們從城市的生活中暫得休歇。

　　這項研究來的正是時候，因為人類跨越著重要的里程碑——歷史上第一次大部分的人居住在城市。水泥叢林取代了開闊的曠野，我們不得不擠居其中，這里有繁忙的交通，也雜陳著百萬計的陌生人。近些年來，如此非自然的環(huán)境和我們的身心健康問題的重要干系也越來越彰顯，它可以強有力地改變我們思考的方式。

　　這項研究也使一些科學(xué)家涉足到城市設(shè)計的領(lǐng)域，因為他們試圖藉此尋找到減少大腦損害的方法。好消息是即使是細微的改變，例如在市中心種更多的樹或者多建一些植物種類更豐富的市區(qū)公園，都能顯著減少城市生活消極的影響。我們的大腦需要大自然的呵護，即使那么一點點，也大有裨益。