Part I Writing
【寫作思路】
青少年的成長一直是一個有爭議的話題,有人認為家庭的影響至關(guān)重要,會作用于青少年的一生;也有人認為“人以群分”,朋友在青少年的成長發(fā)育過程中具有不可替代的影響作用。
大學生也屬于青少年,經(jīng)歷著成長過程中父母和朋友的影響。本篇作文以考生自身為題材,難度不大。
文章開篇提出在青少年成長過程中,很多人都起到了非常重要的作用。一部分人認為父母重要,其原因在于孩子從小和父母在一起,他們受到很大影響而不自知。
第二段討論不同的觀點,即認為同齡人對青少年的影響更大。因為青少年喜歡和朋友一起玩,喜歡互相學習,喜歡追逐流行。
第三段談?wù)撟髡弑救说挠^點。首先肯定兩方觀點都有合理的部分,青少年孩提時代和父母在一起,父母的所作所為為孩子以后的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ),也影響了孩子的價值觀和世界觀。當孩子長大時,他們需要獨立和認同,需要得到同齡人的認可,受到朋友的影響更多一些。所以得出結(jié)論:父母和朋友對青少年的影響都很大,只是在不同的階段。
【參考范文】
Many parties are occupying important positions in the growth of the young. Some people think that the parents are the most essential in this process, arguing that the young have been together with their parents since birth and that they are influenced without their notice.
Other people hold the opinion that the peers of the young play a major role in their growing up. The young prefer to hang out with their friends, like to learn from one another, and are more likely to follow the so-called "fashion".
Of course, both views have an element of reason. In the first few years of life, the young see whatever their parents are doing and learn from them, which lays a basic foundation for their later development as well as their value on life, their outlook. When they grow older, they have a sense of independence and identity. They want to be recognized as members of certain groups. Thus, both parents and friends greatly affect the young, but in different stages.
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
原文精譯
電子病案能提高衛(wèi)生保健嗎?
今年年初,奧巴馬政府建立190億美元的刺激基金,鼓勵醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生保健機構(gòu)將病人信息數(shù)字化,更好的利用信息技術(shù)。自此之后,使用電子健康記錄(EHR)的舉措引起了很大關(guān)注。但是,整體而言,【1】衛(wèi)生保健行業(yè)在采用信息技術(shù)、整合計算機體系方面一直滯后,于是問題就出現(xiàn)了:這項推行數(shù)字化的舉措所帶來的信息,究竟是使醫(yī)生的決策更明智,還是只是一堆零散的數(shù)據(jù)?
【2】Pittsburgh大學的醫(yī)療中心(UPMC)擁有第一手資料,只是知道實現(xiàn)前者很難,而陷入后者的困境卻很容易。UPMC歷經(jīng)五年,在信息技術(shù)體系方面花費10多億美元,在HER計劃中處于領(lǐng)先地位。盡管它的花費是最近預(yù)估的一個醫(yī)院系統(tǒng)所需花費的五倍,但UPMC現(xiàn)在擁有一個龐大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)機構(gòu),包括20家醫(yī)院,400個醫(yī)生辦公室,門診處,長期護理機構(gòu),這些機構(gòu)有5萬多名員工。
UMPC早期試圖建立一個普遍的EHR體系,比如2000年—2005年之間推出的流動電子醫(yī)療記錄,就受到了醫(yī)生、員工以及其他使用者的抵制,他們或者不用新技術(shù),或者只用個人記錄,不和UPMC的IT部門近年來推行的軟件和系統(tǒng)聯(lián)網(wǎng)。
情勢好轉(zhuǎn)中
UPMC早在1996年就開始將自己的記錄數(shù)字化,而轉(zhuǎn)折點卻出現(xiàn)在2004年,它的電子記錄體系(EHR)已在整個醫(yī)療保健網(wǎng)絡(luò)鋪展開來,F(xiàn)在電子記錄包括360多萬病人的信息,其中有圖像和CT掃描結(jié)果,臨床試驗信息,放射治療數(shù)據(jù),還有圖片庫和交流系統(tǒng),使圖像數(shù)字化,在個人電腦上得以顯示。EHR系統(tǒng)有29000名用戶,包括5000多名內(nèi)科醫(yī)生,其中有些是UPMC的醫(yī)生,有些則附屬于UPMC。
UPMC醫(yī)療信息的主要負責人Dan Martich警告說:如果UPMC讓EHR系統(tǒng)看似簡單,千萬不要上當。他說,衛(wèi)生保健網(wǎng)絡(luò)的IT系統(tǒng)需要“巨大的、不間斷的努力”,以確保這些系統(tǒng)交流順暢!3】主要原因之一是,UPMC,以及很多其他衛(wèi)生保健組織,都從很多不同的賣主那里購買醫(yī)療和IT系統(tǒng),而最后的整合工作則由IT成員來做。
由于醫(yī)生一般不愿意為了某個計算機系統(tǒng)而改變工作方式,【4】因而EHR項目的成功,不僅僅在于技術(shù),更在于醫(yī)生如何能接受好的培訓,學會使用新科技。UPMC的 Magee女子醫(yī)院的信息部門主管Louis Baverso說,內(nèi)科醫(yī)生需要看到EHR系統(tǒng)帶來了持久的好處。同時他又說,這些好處剛開始也許并不明顯,“剛開始醫(yī)生看到的是,他們沒有辦法再和紙質(zhì)文件打交道,而這些文件對他們來講是迄今為止最重要的”。
機會和代價
鑒于在整個衛(wèi)生保健體系中,并沒有完全使用EHR系統(tǒng),因此還有很多機會可以做好,也可能做糟。哈佛公共衛(wèi)生學院、健康政策與管理專業(yè)的副教授Ashish Jha組織了一項調(diào)查,結(jié)果表明,美國只有不到10%的醫(yī)院采用了電子醫(yī)療記錄系統(tǒng),而且是以最基本的形式;只有1.5%的醫(yī)院使用了綜合的電子記錄系統(tǒng),包括醫(yī)生的記錄、醫(yī)囑以及決策支持體系,這些都可以警示醫(yī)生,他們的醫(yī)囑可能會導致潛在的藥物反應(yīng)或其他問題。
【5】Jha認為,阻礙EHR系統(tǒng)推廣的主要因素是需要付出的代價,其次還有醫(yī)生的抵制,他們不愿意使用新科技,還有IT部門人員不足等方面原因。他暗示,根據(jù)醫(yī)院規(guī)模,醫(yī)院需要歷時幾年時間花費2000萬到20億美元不等,來安裝電子記錄系統(tǒng)。一個醫(yī)生辦公室配備一個EHR系統(tǒng),大概需要5萬美元。
9月17日,哈佛公共衛(wèi)生學院研討會上,Jha認為EHR系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢很難量化。有些人估計說,使用EHR,醫(yī)院、醫(yī)生辦公室每年至少可以節(jié)省10億美元;【8】而單單安裝這個系統(tǒng)并不能保證節(jié)省開支,也不能保證醫(yī)療的改進!6】同樣哈佛關(guān)于醫(yī)院電子化的另一個調(diào)查表明,通過現(xiàn)有的衛(wèi)生保健IT來縮減開支,改進醫(yī)療水平是“癡心妄想”。這項調(diào)查由David Himmelstein主導,他是哈佛醫(yī)學院的副教授。
情況變糟的代價
Leonard D’Avolio是麻省退伍軍人傳染病研究和信息中心(MAVERIC)的生物醫(yī)學信息學中心副主任,他認為,節(jié)省開支的預(yù)想和目前的現(xiàn)實之間的區(qū)別,源于迄今為止實施EHR技術(shù)并不是為了省錢或提高病人護理,相反,它是為了記錄單個病人的情況,將這些信息在臨床中傳遞用以治療其他病人,合理解釋醫(yī)療費用,也可成為法律證據(jù)。
D’Avolio說,這是因為保健機構(gòu)若有一百萬美元可花,【7】管理階層更愿意把它花在實驗室設(shè)備上,并非信息科技上。他接著說,【9】用在設(shè)備上的投資可以通過向使用設(shè)備的病人收費得以彌補,而IT系統(tǒng)卻并非如此。還有,醫(yī)院和保健機構(gòu)使用的電腦和網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)并沒有聯(lián)網(wǎng),由不同的廠商制造銷售,沒有統(tǒng)一的交流方式。他說,“很難對醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)一標準,因為護理病人是個復(fù)雜的過程。我們需要找到某種方法,不僅在各個部門,而是在所有醫(yī)院中互相搜索。不能衡量,就無法改進提高。得不到這些數(shù)據(jù),就不能衡量!
美國復(fù)興和再投資法(ARRA)提供了190億美元,想要有資格拿到這筆錢,保健機構(gòu)必須說明他們的IT投資有意義,保證他們有效使用了EHR。而健康和社會服務(wù)部還沒有確定什么是“有意義的用途”。
收集信息 創(chuàng)造知識
D’Avolio說,從理想的角度出發(fā),【10】除了EHR可以給醫(yī)生提供病人的基本信息外,包括重要標記、圖像、實驗室數(shù)據(jù)、用藥、病史、治療中斷、病人人口信息的數(shù)據(jù)庫,可以用來發(fā)掘新知識。D’Avolio建議,“僅僅幾個此類的數(shù)據(jù)庫聯(lián)網(wǎng),就可大大提高改進醫(yī)療保健的能力。缺失的是這樣的集體意識:健全的醫(yī)療保健需要更全面的信息,而并非現(xiàn)狀能自動改變!彼又f,沿著這條路走,這些數(shù)據(jù)庫中還會增加染色體信息,環(huán)境因素,家族史,使臨床醫(yī)生開始意識到用藥個性化的潛在可能性。
1. 答案C
解析:根據(jù)題干,考生可將答案定位在文章的第一段。第一段段末講到,在采用EHR系統(tǒng)方面,衛(wèi)生保健行業(yè)很滯后,原因在于,這對醫(yī)生來講,到底能幫助用藥決定,還是會帶來一團糟?從中考生可以判斷,這個舉措對醫(yī)生來講有沒有用,值得懷疑。
2. 答案D
解析:根據(jù)題干中的UPMC,考生可鎖定文章的第二段。接著文章的第一段,UPMC根據(jù)自身經(jīng)歷,認為能使醫(yī)生的決定更明智很難,而收集一堆毫無關(guān)系的數(shù)據(jù)卻很容易,從中可以判斷他們在使用EHR的過程中遇到了難題。
3. 答案A
解析:根據(jù)題干,考生可鎖定第一個小標題下面的第二段。從不同賣主那里購買系統(tǒng),想要保證交流暢通,IT成員必須做最后的整合工作。
4. 答案C
解析:根據(jù)題干中“EHR項目的成功”,考生可鎖定第一個小標題下面的第三段,其中講到,成功不僅僅在于有科技,還在于如何培訓醫(yī)生使用這些新科技。
5. 答案A
解析: 考生可將答案定位在文章第二個小標題“Opportunities and Costs”下面的第二段。一開始作者提及了不愿意采用EHR的原因。考生要特別注意題干中使用了the most important,和原文中的primary同義。
6. 答案C
解析:根據(jù)題干中的人名 David Himmelstein,考生可鎖定文章第二個小標題下面的第三段。David Himmelstein做了一項調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)衛(wèi)生IT不能縮減開支,也無法改進護理。
7. 答案A
解析:根據(jù)題干中的manager,考生可將答案定位在文章第三個小標題下面的第二段。段首講到管理人員更愿意把錢投資在設(shè)備上,而并非是信息科技上。
8. 答案 neither cost savings nor improvements in care
解析:根據(jù)題干中的Jha,考生可鎖定文章的第二個小標題,尤其是下面的第三段。Jha認為,單單安裝這個系統(tǒng)并不能保證節(jié)省開支,不能保證醫(yī)療的改進。
9. 答案 charging patients access to it as a billable service
解析:根據(jù)題干中的人名Leonard D’Avolio,考生可鎖定文章中的第三個小標題。D’Avolio認為,用在設(shè)備上的投資可以通過向使用設(shè)備的病人收費得以彌補。
10. 答案 mined for new knowledge
解析:根據(jù)題干中的主語,考生可鎖定文章的最后一段。這些數(shù)據(jù)庫可以用來發(fā)掘新知識。
Part III Listening Comprehension
Section A
11.
W: Why are you leaving so early? The drama doesn’t start until 7: 30.
M: I want to beat the traffic there. It’s a nightmare on the highway during rush hour.
Q: What does the man mean?
答案D
解析:選項是關(guān)于男士的做法,在聽力過程中,考生要特別注意男士的選擇。女士問,你為什么出發(fā)這么早?歌劇7:30才開始呢;男士在回答中用到了一個動詞beat,beat the traffic,意為“避開交通高峰期”,隨后他進一步解釋到,高峰期在高速公路上行駛,簡直是場噩夢。從中考生可以肯定男士想早點出發(fā),來避開行車高峰。
12.
W: Jessica’s going to the seashore again this weekend.
M: Well, she’s always been a beach person.
Q: What can be inferred about Jessica?
答案B
解析:根據(jù)選項,考生可推斷聽力對話可能是關(guān)于女士和海灘。女士說,Jessica周末要再去海邊;男士附和,并說她對海邊情有獨鐘。從中可以判斷Jessica經(jīng)常去海邊。
13.
W: My parents are coming this weekend, and I thought the four of us could go out to dinner on Saturday night. Any suggestions?
M: It’s up to you. I don’t know the restaurants around here that well, so you’d know a better place to go than me.
Q: What does the man mean?
答案C
解析:選項是關(guān)于周末的安排。女士說,父母要來,想在周六晚上一起出去吃飯,并咨詢男士的意見;男士使用了一個常用的動詞短語,be up to sb.,意為“由......決定”,進一步解釋說自己對周邊的飯店不是很了解,從中可以推斷男士希望女士決定吃飯的地方。
14.
W: I hope you liked the novel I lent you. I wasn’t sure whether it was the kind of book you’d be interested in.
M: I had the same doubt first, but once I started it I simply couldn’t put it down.
Q: What does the man mean?
答案C
解析:選項是關(guān)于男士讀書的問題。聽力過程中考生要關(guān)注男士有沒有開始讀,讀到了哪里。女士說,我希望你能喜歡我借給你的書,我不確定是不是你喜歡的類型。男士回答說,剛開始我也懷疑會不會喜歡,但一打開,我就放不下來。從中可以看出男士很喜歡這本書。
15.
M: I’d like to make an appointment with the doctor for tomorrow.
W: Unfortunately he’s completely booked.
Q: What does the woman mean?
答案B
解析:選項是關(guān)于醫(yī)生明天的安排。男士說,明天想去看醫(yī)生;女士回答說,很遺憾,醫(yī)生已經(jīng)約滿了。選項B中的the doctor’s schedule is filled和聽力原文中的he’s completely booked同義。
16.
M: I ran out of coins while doing my laundry.
W: That’s too bad!
Q: What does the woman mean?
答案A
解析:選項是關(guān)于發(fā)生在男士身上的事。聽力過程中,考生需要關(guān)注男士干了什么,結(jié)果如何。男士說,洗衣服的時候,硬幣用完了,其中run out of表示“用完,花光”;女士感嘆說,這可太糟了,并不是說衣服洗的不好,而是對男士的遭遇表示同情。
17.
W: It’s a shame you didn’t win your badminton match.
M: I might have won if I’d listened to my coach.
Q: What does the man imply?
答案D
解析:選項是關(guān)于男士的做法。女士說,沒有贏得羽毛球比賽,太遺憾了;男士使用了虛擬語氣,說如果聽從教練的建議,可能就贏了。因此男士暗示,他沒有采取教練的建議。
18.
W: Professor Louis seems to think there’s only one way to write a paper, and that’s her way!
M: No kidding? She sure wasn’t like that last semester.
Q: What can be inferred about Professor Louis?
答案D
解析:從選項中可以推斷she指代的是一位教師?忌P(guān)注對教師的評價。女士說,Louis教授似乎只知道一種寫論文的方式,那就是她的方式。男士首先用no kidding的形式表示驚訝,接著補充說,上一學期她并不是這樣啊。男士的回答暗示上一學期她比較靈活。
Conversation One
W: 【19】Bob, can we really afford a holiday? We’re paying for this house and the furniture is on HP and...
M: Now listen, Peggy. You work hard and I work hard. 【20】We’re not talking about whether we can have a holiday. We’re talking about where and when.
W: Shall we go to Sweden?
M: Sweden is colder than Sheffield. I’d rather not go to Sweden.
W: What about Florida? Florida’s warmer than Sheffield.
M: Yes, but it’s a long way. How long does it take to get from here to Florida?
W: All right. Let’s go to Hawaii.
M: You must be joking. How much would it cost for the two of us?
W: But the brochure says the problem of money will disappear. Bob, where do you really want to go?
M: 【21】I’m thinking of Wales or Scotland. Do you know why?
W: Yes. They’re right on our doorstep and so close to home.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. What might be the possible relationship between the two speakers?
20. What are they talking about?
21. Where does Bob want to go?
19. 答案D
解析:從選項可以判斷問題是關(guān)于兩個人之間的關(guān)系。聽力對話一開始,說兩個人已經(jīng)買了房子,還買了家具,隨后兩個人討論度假的問題。從中可以判斷兩個人最有可能的關(guān)系是夫妻。注意聽力開頭提到的HP指hire purchase,為“分期付款”的意思。
20. 答案B
解析:根據(jù)選項,考生推斷問題可能是兩個人討論的話題。聽力開始,男士說,我們要討論的,不是能不能去度假,而是什么時候,去哪里度假。所以選項B為正確答案。
21. 答案C
解析:四個選項都是地點,考生推斷問題可能是他們度假的地方。聽力最后,男士想著要去威爾士或蘇格蘭。而選項A、B、D都是女士建議的地方。
Conversation Two
W: What a beautiful day! It’s a shame to stay inside all day.
M: Do you have a suggestion?
W: Actually, I guess I do. Why don’t we go for a run?
M: Well, I really don’t like running.
W: OK, then. How about roller skating? Don’t you have a pair of skates?
M: Now that you mention it, I do have a pair. But where could we skate? That’s not an indoor skating rink.
W: 【22】You know the bike path on the other side of campus—the one that goes through the trees?
M: Yes?
W: Well, I’ve seen people skating there, and it’s a really pretty area.
M: That’s true, but I also remember that there are some hills over there.
W: So what?
M: So, I don’t mind going up hills, but I hate going down them, 【23】because I’m not good at stopping. In fact, the only way for me to stop is to jump off the path and hope I land on some thing soft.
W: Tell you what. 【24】I’ll show you how I stop, and if it doesn’t work you’ll still have the grass to fall back on.
M: OK. I’m ready, but 【25】I think we should bring something to drink.
W: 【25】Good idea! What’s in the dorm fridge?
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
22. Where does the woman want to skate?
23. Why doesn’t the man like skating on hills?
24. What does the woman offer to do for the man?
25. What will the speakers probably do next?
22. 答案B
解析:選項是一些地點,因此在聽力過程中要特別關(guān)注地點的表達。聽力一開始,女士覺得天氣很好,建議出去玩,最后選擇了skate。男士問,在哪里滑呢?女士說,校園另一邊有個自行車道,可以在那里玩。
23. 答案A
解析:選項是一些問題,根據(jù)前題,考生推斷可能是滑冰中出現(xiàn)的困難。聽力中間,男士說,上山?jīng)]有問題,很討厭下山,因為不擅長在滑冰中停下來。選項A用have trouble doing的結(jié)構(gòu)表示“干某事有困難”。
24. 答案D
解析:選項使用了祈使句,前文講男士在滑冰中停下來有困難。女士說,我可以教你,如果真的不行,你還可以摔在草地上。從中判斷D為正確選項。
25. 答案C
解析:選項使用祈使句表示要做的事。聽力最后,男士說,可以帶一些喝的東西。女士附和,冰箱里有什么呢?所以接下來,他們最有可能做的事,是尋找飲料。
Section B
Passage One
Every person uses its own special words to describe things and express ideas. Some of these expressions are commonly used for many years. Others are popular for just a short time. One such American expression is "Where’s the beef?"【26】It is used when something is not as good as it is said to be. In the early 1980s, "Where’s the beef?" was one of the most popular expressions in the United States. It seemed as if everyone was using it all the time.
Beef, of course, is the meat from a cow, and probably no food is more popular in America than the hamburger made from beef. 【27】In the 1960s a businessman named Ray Kroc began building small restaurants that sold hamburgers at a low price. Kroc called his restaurant "McDonald’s". 【27】Kroc cooked hamburgers quickly so people in a hurry could buy and eat them without waiting. By the end of the 1960s the McDonald’s Company was selling hamburgers in hundreds of restaurants from California to Maine. 【28】Not surprisingly, Ray Kroc became one of the richest businessmen in America.
【28】Other business people watched his success. Some of them opened their own hamburger restaurants. One company, called "Wendy’s", began to compete with McDonald’s. Wendy’s said its hamburgers were bigger than those sold by McDonald’s or anyone else. The Wendy’s Company created the expression "Where’s the beef?" to make people believe that Wendy’s hamburgers were the biggest. It produced a television advertisement to sell this idea. The Wendy’s television advertisement showed three old women eating hamburgers. The bread that covered the meat was very big, but inside there was only a tiny bit of meat. "Where’s the beef?" She shouted in a funny voice. These advertisements for Wendy’s hamburger restaurants were a success from the first day they appeared on television. As we said, it seemed everyone began using the expression "Where’s the beef?"
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. What does the expression "Where’s the beef?" mean?
27. Why are hamburgers so popular in America?
28. Why did other people want to open hamburger restaurant?
26. 答案B
解析:選項是解釋說明。聽力一開始講到流行語,并且舉了“Where is the beef” 為例,接下來解釋了這個短語的意思,“某物并沒有描述的那么好”。選項C是個干擾項,這個短語流行開來,beef并不特指牛肉這一種東西,而是代指任何東西。
27. 答案C
解析:考生可推斷選項A、B、C中的they指代選項D中的hamburgers。聽力中討論了McDonald’s的出現(xiàn)和流行,其中提及漢堡的價格比較低,很快就能做好,忙碌的人們不用等就能買到。
28. 答案D
解析:選項也是說明原因。聽力中提到,Ray Kroc在全國好多地方都開店賣漢堡,成為美國富豪之一。其他生意人看到了他的成功,也相繼開了漢堡店。聯(lián)系前后文,其他人開漢堡店的原因是,也想成功和賺錢。
Passage Two
Strikes are very common in Britain. They are extremely harmful to its industries. In fact, there are other countries in Western Europe that lose more working days through strikes every year than Britain. 【29】The trouble with the strikes in Britain is that they occur in essential industries. There are over 495 unions in Britain. Some unions are very small. Over 20 have more than 100,000 members. Unions do not exist only to demand higher wages. They also educate their members. They provide benefits for the sick and try to improve working conditions. Trade unionists say that we must thank the unions for the great improvement in working conditions in the last hundred years. It is now against the law for union members to go on strike without the support of their union. This kind of strike is called unofficial strike and was common until recently. 【30】Employers feel that unofficial strikes were most harmful because they would not be predicted. However, these unofficial strikes still occur from time to time and some unions have also refused to cooperate with the law. 【31】As a result, the general picture of the relations between workers and employers in Britain has gone from bad to worse.
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
29. In what way. are strikes in Britain different from those in other European countries?
30. Why are British employers so afraid of unofficial strikes?
31. What conclusion can be drawn from this passage?
29. 答案A
解析:聽力篇章一開始講到罷工在英國很常見,歐洲其他國家也有很多罷工,損失的工作日要比英國的多。但英國的問題在于,最重要的行業(yè)中有罷工。由此判斷,A為正確選項。
30. 答案B
解析:選項是對某一類罷工的描述。聽力最后講,雇主認為非正式的罷工危害最大,因為它們不可預(yù)測。由此判斷B為正確答案。
31. 答案D
解析:選項是總結(jié)性語言?忌勺⒁饴犃ζ碌淖詈蟛糠帧B犃ψ詈笾v,員工和雇主之間的關(guān)系是越來越壞。選項D中的tense意為“緊張的”,和聽力原文中的go from bad to worse同義。