Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words  or expressions according to the course book. (15%)

31. A word is a ______ form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic  function.

32. In the Middle English period, the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of ______  words into English.

33. The basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity is  called a ______.

34. The method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes is called ______.

35. Words such as “vicious, tyrant, determined, famous, notorious” usually indicate the speaker’s  attitude towards the person or thing in question. They have ______ meaning in themselves.

36. A word which is related to other words is related to them in ______.

37. Car which used to be a “two-wheel cart drawn by horses and used in ______ ”has taken on  the meaning “automobile” with the development of modern car industry.

38. In the sentence “Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe, rather than in the geocentric  theory.”, the word “heliocentric” is explained by the clue of ______ structure.

39. Due to structural ______ of idioms, the word order of the idiom “by twos and threes”  cannot be turned into “by threes and twos”.

40. Against the traditional practice of lexicography, ______ creates an extra column arranged  alongside the definitions.

Ⅲ. Define the following terms. (15% )

41. archaisms

42. stem

43. grammatical meanings

44. amelioration

45. rhetoric characteristics of idioms