II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

l1. M          linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not.

12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d     ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.

13. A  r       is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.

14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called an

e       clause.

15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n       words and borrowed words.

16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d      ·

17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a       thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the agentive suffix.

18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflects

s       in society.

19. The c        period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.

20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t      sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.  

III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％)

21. (      )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.

22. (      )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.

23. (      )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.

24. (      )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.

25. (      )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.

26. (      )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle， they do not always observe these maxims strictly.

27. (      )The Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.

28. (      )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety.

29. (      )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.

30. (      )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human， except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.