Section TV Translation

　　Directions:

　　In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

　　Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty creating structures. 61) They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a “counterculture”, as participants in the informal economy, as invertors of survival strategies, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor- to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research.

　　62) The elites (精英分子), who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as are the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions (and omissions) upon the living conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the poor. 63) In constructing a physical infrastructure for transport industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding.

　　64) Most important are the economic functions of poverty, as for lack of other options the poor are forced to perform activities considered degrading or unclean; the poor are more likely to buy second-hand goods and leftover foodstuffs, thus prolonging their economic utility. They are likely to use the services of low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers whom the non-poor shy away from. 65) Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic function, in reminding citizens of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and the violent represent for the rest to society.

　　Physically, the poor and the non-poor are often kept apart, through differential land use and ghettoization. Socially, they are separated through differential participation in the labor market, the consumption economy, and in political, social and cultural institutions. Conceptually, they are divided through stereotyping and media cliché. This separation is even more pronounced between the elites and the poor.

　　Section V Writing

　　Directions:

　　Study the following charts carefully and write an essay in which you should

　　1) describe the chart briefly,

　　2) interpret the causes of it, and

　　3) give your comment on the tendency.

　　Your composition should be more than 150 words. You should write your composition neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

　　The Changes of Employment of University Graduates

　　1992 2002

　　7% : graduate school 10%: graduate

　　18%: private firms 15%: state-owned firms

　　25%: joint-venture 25%: joint-venture

　　50%: state-owned firms 50%: private firms