2017年翻譯考試初級(jí)筆譯模擬題：生態(tài)旅游

　　【英譯漢】

　　Ecotourism

　　The ideas behind ecotourism are not new. Rooted in the conservation and environmental movements in the United States over the past 150 years - spurred by the writings of Thoreau, Muir, and before them, Buddhist and other philosophical ideologies - ecotourism is a new application for an age-old concept of stewardship. It recognizes the interconnections of all life and the importance of maintaining a balance between human needs and those of existing ecosystems.

　　Perhaps Aldo Leopold's famous Land Ethic best captures the philosophical essence of stewardship: "a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community... it is wrong if it does otherwise." In diversity there is stability. Ecotourism is really nothing more than the application of this philosophy to the self-enriching discovery made possible through travel. It is a process and an ethic, not an end in itself.

　　Ecotourism (often including rural tourism, heritage/cultural tourism, nature-based tourism, and adventure/experience-based tourism) has demonstrated growth far in excess of the so-called "mass tourism" market by posting 30% annual increases between 1995 and 2000. This increase can be compared to the 8% growth in mass tourism over the same period.

　　According to the Travel Industry Association of America, over 50% of the U. S. adult traveling public ——147 million people ——have taken an "adventure" trip in their lifetime. Included on this "adventure" activity roster are camping, hiking and biking. Though a small portion of the overall tourism industry, ecotourism's profit margin tends to exceed that of mass tourism. Last year, the average ecotourism two-week package cost is $ 3,500.

　　Ecotourism has both the potential to change the way we view travel and to provide the means to care for our diverse and rich resources. Western society (about l.2 billion people) cannot bring the remaining 5.l billion people in less developed countries up to the Western consumptive "standard of living" without exhausting the earth's resources. Ecotourism creates a situation where both the West and the less developed societies can converge toward the middle. Ecotourism is the "common ground" because it fundamentally changes the economic dynamics of business. Ecotourism recognizes the ecological and cultural costs of doing business as well as champions "local economy", i.e., the community becomes strong and cohesive by what's developed and sustainably managed on a local level.

　　As a part of the service industry, ecotourism promotes what Alan During, in his important book How Much is Enough? calls the "shift from material to non-material ends". This shift is the only viable way in which human demands made on the environment will not overrun the carrying capacity of the planet. is Ecotourism is in fundamental opposition to consumption as a means to fulfillment; rather, the sense of place, the excitement of experience, and the opportunity of learning become the overriding products " sold" to ecotourists. These ecotourism "products" are based upon preserving and protecting the original cultures and environments, not upon transforming them into some Disneyland-like fantasy-world.

　　Increasingly, a conservation ethic and a viable process of development have emerged from the ecotourism movement, or perhaps vice versa. The ecotourism ethic has been defined by the Ecotourism Society to mean: "responsible travel that conserves the natural environs and sustains the well-being of local people. Ecotourism offers travelers the means to assist personally and locally in the conservation of threatened environments and to support communities directly that are seeking viable economic alternatives to cycles of poverty and environmental destruction." This non-profit organization is working to raise public support for implementing ecotourism principles and practices around the world.

　　The concerted effort by policy makers, businesses, recreation managers and organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund and Conservation International to define and make ecotourism a mainstream practice is promising. We in the Western industrialized nations have an incredible opportunity for restorative and regenerative change through ecotourism. There seems to be little doubt that tourism will continue to grow; the most important question remains: Will it be ecologically responsible and sustainable?

　　The responsibility clearly rests with ourselves to care for an environmental and cultural diversity which historically we have used merely to serve our needs - and our needs only. Ecotourism, as a model, process and ethic, offers an opportunity to put respect for our earth into practice in a way that all people can enjoy its beauty and benefits.

　　【參考譯文】

　　生態(tài)旅游

　　生態(tài)旅游的理念并不新鮮，它是在梭羅、繆爾的著述、以及之前的佛教等思想體系的啟發(fā)下形成的，并植根于美國(guó)150年來(lái)的野生動(dòng)物和環(huán)境保護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng)中，是一種對(duì)古老的資源管理概念的新的發(fā)揮。它認(rèn)識(shí)到了所有生命之間的相互聯(lián)系，以及維護(hù)人類(lèi)需求和現(xiàn)薦生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之間的平衡的重要性。

　　埃爾多·利奧波德著名的《土地倫理》一書(shū)也許最能體現(xiàn)資源管理的哲學(xué)精髓：“凡是有利于維持生物群落的完整性、穩(wěn)定性和美感的，就是正確的……凡是違背了這一點(diǎn)的，就是錯(cuò)誤的。”在多樣性里蘊(yùn)含著穩(wěn)定性。生態(tài)旅游其實(shí)也就是將這種哲學(xué)應(yīng)用于能充實(shí)自我的探索發(fā)現(xiàn)中，而后者正是通過(guò)旅游來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。生態(tài)旅游本身并不是一種目的，而是一種過(guò)程，一種倫理。

　　生態(tài)旅游(通常包括鄉(xiāng)村旅游、文化遺產(chǎn)旅游、自然風(fēng)景旅游、冒險(xiǎn)體驗(yàn)旅游)的增長(zhǎng)速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了所謂的“大眾旅游”市場(chǎng)，在1995年至2000年間，年增長(zhǎng)率達(dá)到30%。與之相比，大眾旅游市場(chǎng)的同期增長(zhǎng)率為8%。

　　美國(guó)旅游業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)稱(chēng)，在美國(guó)的1. 47億成年旅游者中，有50%以上的人曾經(jīng)進(jìn)行過(guò)“冒險(xiǎn)”旅游。這種冒險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)包括野營(yíng)、徒步旅行和騎自行車(chē)旅行。生態(tài)旅游雖然只占整個(gè)旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)的一小部分，但是它的利潤(rùn)率卻有超過(guò)大眾旅游的趨勢(shì)。去年，兩周生態(tài)旅游的一攬子費(fèi)用平均約為3500美元。

　　生態(tài)旅游既可能改變我們對(duì)旅游本身的看法，也為保護(hù)我們豐富多樣的資源提供了手段。西方社會(huì)有約12億人口，維持他們的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需要消耗大量的資源。要讓欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的51億人口都達(dá)到西方的“生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，必然會(huì)把地球的資源消耗殆盡。生態(tài)旅游為西方國(guó)家和欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家向中等消耗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)靠攏創(chuàng)造了條件。它是一種“共同基礎(chǔ)”，因?yàn)樗鼜母�本上改變了商業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)態(tài)棋式。生態(tài)旅游在認(rèn)識(shí)到商業(yè)行為的生態(tài)和文化成本的同時(shí)，也倡導(dǎo)“局部經(jīng)濟(jì)”，通過(guò)局部的發(fā)展和可持續(xù)管理，增強(qiáng)局部地區(qū)的社會(huì)實(shí)力和凝聚力。

　　作為服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的一部分，生態(tài)旅游提倡的是艾倫·杜靈在其重要著作《多少才算夠?》一書(shū)中所提到的“從物質(zhì)追求向非物質(zhì)追求的轉(zhuǎn)移”。唯有如此，人類(lèi)對(duì)環(huán)境的需求才不會(huì)超出地球的承受能力。生態(tài)旅游與那種靠消耗資源來(lái)獲得滿足的做法是格格不入的。生態(tài)旅游者所購(gòu)買(mǎi)的最主要的“產(chǎn)品”實(shí)際上是對(duì)旅游地的感受、令人興奮的體驗(yàn)以及學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。這些生態(tài)旅游“產(chǎn)品”的宗旨是維護(hù)原始的文化和環(huán)境，而不是將它們改造成迪斯尼式的夢(mèng)幻世界。

　　生態(tài)旅游正日益促進(jìn)環(huán)保倫理的興起和可行的發(fā)展方式，或者反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)，是環(huán)保倫理和可行的發(fā)展方式促進(jìn)了生態(tài)旅游。根據(jù)生態(tài)旅游協(xié)會(huì)的定義，生態(tài)旅游是“一種負(fù)責(zé)任的旅游方式，它把保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)刈匀画h(huán)境與維持當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣竦母＠�結(jié)合起來(lái)，使旅游者能夠親自參與保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)厥艿酵�脅的自然環(huán)境，并直接支持那些正在尋求其他經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式的地區(qū)，以結(jié)束貧窮和環(huán)境破壞的惡性循環(huán)�！边@一非贏利性組織正在努力尋求公眾支持，在世界范圍內(nèi)推廣生態(tài)旅游的原則和實(shí)踐。

　　一些政府決策者、商家、娛樂(lè)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者以及世界拜生動(dòng)植物基金會(huì)和“保護(hù)國(guó)際”等組織正攜手合作，努力推廣生態(tài)旅游，使之成為主流行為，他們很有希望獲得成功。我們西方工業(yè)化國(guó)家正面臨著一個(gè)天賜良機(jī)，通過(guò)生態(tài)旅游，讓大自然得以休養(yǎng)生息，再現(xiàn)生機(jī)。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，旅游業(yè)將繼續(xù)發(fā)展。最重要的問(wèn)題依然是：它是否有利于生態(tài)，能否持續(xù)發(fā)展?

　　以前，我們只知道利用環(huán)境和文化的多樣性來(lái)單方面滿足自己的需要，而現(xiàn)在，保護(hù)它們的責(zé)任無(wú)疑落在了我們自己身上。生態(tài)旅游，作為一種模式，一個(gè)過(guò)程，和一種倫理，為我們提供了一種機(jī)會(huì)，把我們對(duì)地球的尊重付諸實(shí)施，讓所有人都能領(lǐng)略它的美麗，享受它的恩澤。