Ⅳ. Define the following terms. (10%)

51. word

52. clipping

53. onomatopoeic

54. synchronic approach

55. desk dictionaries

Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )

56. Why, in modern English, were word endings mostly lost with just a few exceptions?

57. What are the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?

58. How do you account for the semantic change in the living languages?

59. What are contextual clues? Find out the meanings of the words in bold type and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meanings.

A. Do you know the architect? He designed St. Paul's Cathedral.

B. The book was only published posthumously, for the author had been dead for three years already.

C. It is undesirable to write with too many parentheses, a pair of brackets round word or phrases.

Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)

60. Analyze and comment on the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the extra-linguistic factors, each with example word(s) given below.

  pen, atom

  churl

  copperhead

61. Analyze and comment on the fundamental difference between the processes of radiation and concatenation with the words neck and treacle.