III. Summarization. (20 poirits, 2 points for each)

Directions: In this section of the test, there are ten paragraphs. Each of the paragraphs is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Spell out the missing letters of the word on your Answer Sheet.

Paragraph One

 The oil drilled and pumped from underground holds the energy of eons’ worth of sunlight energy collected by plants and stored as organic matter. Over millions of years of heat and pressure, the energy in that organic matter has been further concentrated to yield hydrocarbons such as oil, natural gas, and coal.

36. F____ of fossil fuels.

Paragraph Two

 A sand castle is made of a network of sand grains glued together by very thin bridges of water. Without any water, sand flows; a perfectly dry sand castle would collapse into a heap. Too much water, on the other hand, creates sand soup. But embedded in a matrix of water molecules, sand particles stay in place, somewhat like molecules in solid substances.

37. Proper amount of water is the key to b____ sand castles.

Paragraph Three

 When infants 18 months old see an unrelated adult whose hands are full and who needs assistance opening a door or picking up a dropped clothespin, they will immediately help. The helping behavior seems to be innate because it appears so early and before many parents start teaching children the rules of polite behavior.

38. Human beings may be b____ with the urge to help.

Paragraph Four

 People across the northern hemisphere are facing the fact that a warming planet doesn’t get rid of winter. On Monday the heaviest snow on record plastered Seoul. In coming days, the central US will experience its most brutal cold wave in 10 to 20 years. And most of Westem Europe will be encased in a deep freeze by this weekend.

 39. Winter is still c____.

Paragraph Five

 With their normal summer diet of greens and berries shriveled by summer heat or drought in many spots nationwide, hungry bears are rummaging through garbage, ripping through screens and crawling into cars in search of sustenance.

40. Hungry bears s____ for food.

Paragraph Six

 Everyone knows that a placebo — a fake medication or sham procedure, typically used as a control in a medical trial — can nonetheless have a positive effect, relieving real symptoms like pain, bloating or a depressed mood. The placebo effect is a result of the patient’s expectation that the treatment will help.

41. F____ of a placebo.

Paragraph Seven

 Standardized teaching an be done by mediocre teachers using scripted lessons. Excellent teaching requires well—honed judgments about individual students based on observation, information from a robust assessment program, and a great deal of knowledge and informed intuition about young people.

42. Q____ of excellent teaching.

Paragraph Eight

 We are successful because we can form long—lasting relationships with many others in diverse and flexible ways, and that this, combined with our native intelligence, explains why Homo sapiens came to dominate the planet. In every way from teaching our young to the industrial division of labor we are a massively co—operative species that relies on larger and more diverse networks of relationships than any other species.

43.I____ of relationships.

Paragraph Nine

 Convenience friends are convenient indeed. They’ll lend us their cups and silverware for a party. They’ll drive our kids to soccer when we’re sick. They’ll take us to pick up our car when we need a lift to the garage. They’ll even take our cats when we go on vacation. As we will for them.

44. B____ of convenience friends.

Paragraph Ten

 Einstein rebelled against rote learning, and that attitude helped make him the genius that he was. Likewise, our success as a nation will be determined not just by how well our schools teach the multiplication and periodic tables but by how well they promote imagination and creativity.

45. What should be p____ in school?