1、The Colonial Period (1607-1765)

　　American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)

　　北美第一位女詩人Anne Bradstreet(宗教氣息，夫妻恩愛)

　　Edward Taylor 都受英國玄學派影響(metaphysical)

　　2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period

　　Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美國夢”的根源

　　3、American Romanticism（end of 18 ^th  to the civil war )

　　American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature.

　　早期浪漫主義Washington Irving father of American Literature 短篇小說

　　James Fenimore Cooper 歷史，冒險，邊疆小說《The Leather-stocking Tales>文明發(fā)展對大自然的摧殘與破壞

　　William Cullen Bryant 美國第一個浪漫主義詩人《To a Waterfowl>美國山水，謳歌大自然，歌頌美國生活現實

　　Edgar Allan Poe ---(48 poems,70 short stories)

　　He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”

　　He was father of psychoanalytic criticism , and the detective story.

　　Ralph Waldo Emerson---The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism

　　American Transcendentalism (also known as “ American Renaissance” ) It is the high tide of American romanticism Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 《Nature》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson 《Self-Reliance》表達他的超驗主義觀點

　　Henry David Thoreau------ Walden

　　he regarded nature as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization.

　　小說家：Hawthorne-贊成超驗He is a master of symbolism The Scarlet Letter《紅字》

　　Melville 懷疑，悲觀，sailing experiences Moby Dick百科全書式性質/海洋作品/動物史詩

　　詩人Longfellow《 I Shot an Arrow...》《A Psalm of Life》第一首被完整地介紹到中國的美國詩歌

　　Whitman (Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme )

　　《Leaves of Grass》《 One's Self I Sing》《O Captain! My Captain!》song

　　Dickinson inner life of the individual ---died for beauty

　　4、 The Age of Realism

　　James upper reaches of American society. <一位女士的肖像》inner world of man

　　Howells, concerned himself chiefly with middle class life.

　　Twain the lower strata of society. humor and local colorism

　　American Naturalism 自然主義(新型現實)

　　Stephen Crane;《Maggie: A Girl of the Streets》《The Red Badge of Courage》pessimistic

　　Theodore Dreiser;Sister Carrie;Jennie Gerhardt;An American Tragedy(Trilogy of Desire)

　　O.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi;The Cop and the anthem

　　Jack London：The Call of the Wild;Martin Eden

　　5、 The Modern Period   The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature)

　　The Roaring Twenties ，The Jazz Age ，“l(fā)ost”(Gertrude Stein) and “waste land”(T.S.Eliot)

　　現代主義小說家

　　F. Scott Fitzgerald：《The Great Gatsby》 被視為美國文學“爵士時代”的象征，以美國夢American Dream為主線。

　　Hemingway迷惘一代Iceberg Principle (Theory):The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.

　　《The Sun Also Rises 1926》《The Old Man and the Sea 》

　　William Faulkner ：Yoknapatawpha Country---以故鄉(xiāng)為原型虛構南方貴族家庭的沒落

　　The Sound and the Fury 取自莎士比亞的《麥克白》

　　Anderson ：《Winesburg, Ohio 》，又稱“小鎮(zhèn)畸人”

　　現代主義詩人：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticism

　　Imagism 意象派

　　Pound：《In a Station of the Metro》《Cantos》

　　Stevens：《Anecdote of the Jar》〈The Man with the Blue Guitar>

　　Williams:

　　T.S.Eliot::

　　浪漫派：Frost：《The Road Not Taken》《Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 》

　　Hughes：---Poet Laureate of Harlem，Harlem Renaissance 開創(chuàng)黑人文學

　　Dreams 《夢想》 Border Line 《分界線》

　　6、當代，后現代時期 The Post-War Period (The Beat Generation ，Black Humor，尋找自我)

　　Ellison(黑人)： Invisible Man 《看不見的人》---“尋找自我”主題的代表作

　　Allen Ginsberg(Jewish)：《Howl》—跨掉的一代代表作