2. What are the sense relations between sentences?

　　Sense relations between sentences:

　　1) X is synonymous with Y.

　　2) X is inconsistent with Y.

　　3) X entails Y.(Y is an entailment of X.)

　　4) X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X)

　　5) X is a contradiction.

　　6) X is semantically anomalous.

　　3. What is idiolect?

　　When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.

　　4. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

　　Sapir-Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. In short, the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the language we speak determines the way we perceive the world and therefore the nature of thought.

　　四、 論述題(每小題10分，共30分)

　　1. What are the design features of language?

　　Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

　　1) arbitrariness

　　2) productivity

　　3) duality

　　4) displacement

　　5) cultural transmission

　　2. Draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences:

　　1) The student likes the new linguistics professor.

　　2) John suggested Mary take the linguistics class.

　　1. The student likes the new linguistics professor.

　　2. John suggested (that) Mary take the linguistics class.

　　3. What is the difference between acquisition and learning? Illustrate with examples.

　　Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. It is recognized that children acquire their native language without explicit learning. A second language is more commonly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the L2 learner.