2019年中考英語語法復(fù)習(xí):名詞
一.名詞
I. 名詞的種類:
專有名詞 |
普通名詞 | |||
國名,地名人名,團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱 |
可數(shù)名詞 |
不可數(shù)名詞 | ||
個體名詞 |
集體名詞 |
抽象名詞 |
物質(zhì)名詞 | |
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II. 名詞的數(shù):
1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:
名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es,F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:
規(guī)則 |
例詞 | ||
1 |
一般情況在詞尾加-s |
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days | |
2 |
以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es |
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes | |
3 |
以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞 |
變-f和-fe為v再加-es |
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives |
加-s |
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs | ||
4 |
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-es |
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities | |
5 |
以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)S忻~以y結(jié)尾的,加-s |
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys | |
6 |
以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞 |
一般加-es |
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
不少外來詞加-s |
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos | ||
兩者皆可 |
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos | ||
7 |
以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s |
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos | |
8 |
以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s |
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, |
2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):
英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,現(xiàn)歸納如下:
規(guī)則 |
例詞 | ||
1 |
改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 |
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice | |
2 |
單復(fù)數(shù)相同 |
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, | |
3 |
只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 |
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents | |
4 |
一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) |
people, police, cattle, staff | |
5 |
部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員) |
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party | |
6 |
復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 |
customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟) | |
7 |
表示“某國人” |
加-s |
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
單復(fù)數(shù)同形 |
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese | ||
以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women |
Englishmen, Frenchwomen | ||
8 |
合成名詞 |
將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) |
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) |
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches | ||
將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) |
women singers, men servants |
III. 名詞的所有格:
名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成,二是由
介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無生命的東西。
1. ’s所有格的構(gòu)成:
單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’s |
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, | |
復(fù)數(shù)名詞 |
一般在末尾加’ |
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’s |
the children’s toys, women’s rights, | |
以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ |
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house | |
表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名詞末尾均須加’s |
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes | |
表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加’s |
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father | |
表示"某人家""店鋪",所有格后名詞省略 |
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s |
2. ’s所有格的用法:
1 |
表示時間 |
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
2 |
表示自然現(xiàn)象 |
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
3 |
表示國家城市等地方的名詞 |
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry |
4 |
表示工作群體 |
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
5 |
表示度量衡及價值 |
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
6 |
與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名詞 |
the life’s time, the play’s plot |
7 |
某些固定詞組 |
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) |
3. of所有格的用法:
用于無生命的東西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長定語時:the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名詞化的詞:the struggle of the oppressed