2016年11月12日托福考試閱讀解析

　　2016年11月12日托福閱讀真題詞匯題：

　　2016年11月12日托福閱讀真題第一篇

　　題材劃分： 農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展類

　　主要內(nèi)容：主題是關(guān)于農(nóng)業(yè)的出現(xiàn)，大概講農(nóng)業(yè)起源于什么時(shí)間，在埃及和美索不達(dá)米亞平原都有金字塔，因?yàn)榘＜案�早，而且都是為了宗教目的，所以科學(xué)家認(rèn)為美索不達(dá)米亞是學(xué)埃及的。但是人造的hills and mounds由不同的人造有不同的目的，所以科學(xué)家又認(rèn)為在美索不達(dá)米亞金字塔是學(xué)的還是自己發(fā)明的取決于農(nóng)業(yè)是不是獨(dú)立發(fā)展的�，F(xiàn)在普遍認(rèn)為1萬年前，農(nóng)業(yè)至少在六個(gè)獨(dú)立的地方發(fā)展了，盡管沒有證據(jù)。有人提出了一個(gè)概念，說農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展一定是在沒有人類幫助的情況下，新作物被引進(jìn)了，舉例說grass就不是的，而maze是個(gè)成功的例子，最后的結(jié)論是農(nóng)業(yè)是獨(dú)立發(fā)展的

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　　TPO21- The Origins of Agriculture

　　相關(guān)背景知識(shí)：

　　The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin.

　　Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 20,000 BC. From around 9500 BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops, emmer and einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax were cultivated in the Levant. Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 13,000 BC, followed by sheep between 11,000 and 9,000 BC. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC. Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 7,000 BC. Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 5000 BC. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 8,000 and 5,000 BC, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. In Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was domesticated to maize by 4,000 BC. Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC.

　　In the Middle Ages, both in the Islamic world and in Europe, agriculture was transformed with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees such as the orange to Europe by way of Al-Andalus. After 1492, the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes and manioc to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice and turnips, and livestock including horses, cattle, sheep and goats to the Americas. Irrigation, crop rotation, and fertilizers were introduced soon after the Neolithic Revolution and developed much further in the past 200 years, starting with the British Agricultural Revolution.

　　Since 1900, agriculture in the developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as human labour has been replaced by mechanization, and assisted by synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and selective breeding. The Haber-Bosch method allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing crop yields. Modern agriculture has raised political issues including water pollution, biofuels, genetically modified organisms, tariffs and farm subsidies.