口語(yǔ)第四題:
NO.1
Reading part: Priority Effects
environment before the other species come and avoid them to utilize the habitat.
Listening part:
alter the Priority effects occur when a species that arrives first at a site impacts a species that arrives later by reducing the availability of space or resources. The species coming first may
There’s a kind of small ants(文中始終未給出該螞蟻名稱), when they first arrive a new habitat, say an “askentia(音) tree”, their unique habit is to eat part of the tree which produces nectar, because they don’t rely on it. They are altering the environment before any other species come.
There is a kind of bigger ants, they’re more aggressive and can easily occupy the trees as they want, and can force the smaller ants to leave. However, they rely on the nectar produced by “askentia” tree very much. So the smaller ants stop the tree producing nectar to avoid the bigger ants to take up the tree, so that they can stay living there.
How does the example in the listening part explain the concept of priority effects?
NO.2
閱讀:【課文要點(diǎn)】: Negative Ideation: a method used by people to resist desires by adding something negative. 就是說(shuō)通過(guò)聯(lián)系不好的情況來(lái)resist壞東西,幫人解決壞習(xí)慣.Brood parasites(孵育寄生動(dòng)物): animals that use a unconventional tactic to let other animals hatch their offspring for them.
就是說(shuō)通過(guò)聯(lián)系不好的情況來(lái)resist壞東西,幫人解決壞習(xí)慣。即 make negative associations with the thing, 這樣就可以讓這個(gè)東西變得less appealing and more resistible。教授用一個(gè)自己的例子解釋。
聽(tīng)力:【教授舉例】: 教授舉的他自己戒除巧克力的例子. 教授很喜歡loves chocolate bar because it is tasty, 但吃太多不好. But chocolate is not good. So he used the method of negative ideation to refuse chocolate. 后來(lái)Whenever he wanted to buy chocolate bar he would think it is associate with mud which is the mixture of dirt and water, 來(lái)reduce the temptation, 就戒了he stopped buying.
教授舉例他以前很喜歡吃巧克力,但是過(guò)高的糖分讓他過(guò)于肥胖。為了戒掉巧克力,讓自己更健康,他采取了這種technique,他把巧克力切成小碎末然后拍了一張照片。他想象巧克力是mud做的,這樣逐漸他就覺(jué)得巧克力很惡心,后來(lái)就戒掉了。
question:用聽(tīng)力的例子解釋對(duì)negative ideation的理解
NO.3
閱讀:動(dòng)物有固定的patterns of behavior
聽(tīng)力:1、一種小魚(yú):male fish會(huì)do attack dance to the finish entering its territory 而且是有red mark的,如果沒(méi)有red mark就不會(huì)
2、goose:female鵝生過(guò)蛋后會(huì)move its head back and forth,但是當(dāng)它的egg被moved away 以后,它仍然這樣
問(wèn)題是:講一講什么是動(dòng)物的這種慣性行為(文中用了縮寫(xiě),好象是AFS 還是FAS記不清了),然后講講lecture中間的例子如何證明的。
NO.4
廣告應(yīng)該忠實(shí)于產(chǎn)品的功能,但是現(xiàn)在的廣告為了達(dá)到吸引顧客的目的,紛紛引用名人說(shuō)的話,這樣可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者(quote out of context)。聽(tīng)力的例子是電影,電影開(kāi)場(chǎng)前,打的廣告是引用名人的話,但是電影播放后結(jié)果確實(shí)是很不好。
NO.5
Task4:
文章:一個(gè)proposal, 建議學(xué)校拿出一部分activity budget給學(xué)生參加 academic conferences.
男生:覺(jué)得這個(gè)建議不好,有兩點(diǎn)原因:1) 活動(dòng)經(jīng)費(fèi)應(yīng)該就給那些原來(lái)intended for的活動(dòng),比如cultural activities, extracurricular activities, for example, concerts. 2) 學(xué)校其他的academic departments 已經(jīng)有給學(xué)生參加學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議的經(jīng)費(fèi)預(yù)算,學(xué)生只要申請(qǐng),教授會(huì)決定是否給錢(qián)讓學(xué)生去開(kāi)會(huì)。
要求:summarize proposal, 然后說(shuō)男生的評(píng)價(jià)
NO.6
Task 4
閱讀:
內(nèi)在原因,當(dāng)人們找事情原因時(shí),找自己的原因叫內(nèi)在原因。它可能會(huì)讓人失去自信,也可以自我鼓勵(lì)更加努力。
聽(tīng)力:
教授舉例:自己在汽車(chē)公司管理銷(xiāo)售,第一個(gè)星期很落后,跟不上進(jìn)度,找自己的原因,覺(jué)得是自己的效率不高,不夠有條理,所以改進(jìn)的方法,最后提高了效率。
NO.7
TASK4
閱讀解釋概念:internal attribute: 將事物發(fā)生的原因歸結(jié)自己的內(nèi)在問(wèn)題,而不是外界因素。
聽(tīng)力教授舉自己的例子解釋這個(gè)概念。具體為:該教授青少年時(shí)期在一家公司工作,負(fù)責(zé)整理文件。他遇到困難總是不能及時(shí)完成工作。該教授沒(méi)有抱怨老板也沒(méi)有抱怨工作太多而是想辦法提高自己的能力。最后教授提高自己的能力,能按時(shí)完成工作,變得非常擅長(zhǎng)自己的工作。
NO.8
口4. internal competition
reading passage:
companies have some successful products 占據(jù)市場(chǎng);但它們會(huì)introduce new products, 于是consumers 不買(mǎi)舊的買(mǎi)這個(gè)公司新的了。所以internal competition 意味著同個(gè)公司內(nèi)部new products 搶了established products的profits, 簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)就是公司內(nèi)部自己的新舊產(chǎn)品之間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 但這是沒(méi)辦法的,必須引進(jìn)新產(chǎn)品,因?yàn)樾庐a(chǎn)品才能和別的公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
lecture:
教授說(shuō)自己當(dāng)教授前是一個(gè)automobile公司的總監(jiān)之類的,他們公司之前有個(gè)top sell的small cars, 長(zhǎng)得不好看但實(shí)用安全。后來(lái)別的公司的車(chē)挺時(shí)尚的,于是他公司為了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也產(chǎn)了一款新的more stylish的車(chē)。于是他公司的擁躉不買(mǎi)舊款買(mǎi)新款了。但這是必須的,因?yàn)闉榱薱ome up with 其他公司,與其他公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
NO.9
Task4:
Reading:
一個(gè)關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的定義: xxx externality 定義:可能人們并沒(méi)有明確的requirement,不是但是確因?yàn)槠渌氖虑椴廉a(chǎn)生的一種interaction.
Listening:
教授舉例:一個(gè)公司要換掉他們的old buses. 但是他們不想單純的換一批一模一樣的new buses.因?yàn)閒ossil fuel相當(dāng)?shù)奈廴经h(huán)境.問(wèn)題是他們又沒(méi)有足夠的錢(qián)去弄一批用電發(fā)動(dòng)的bus.于是他們寫(xiě)了信給政府,政府覺(jué)得這樣可以幫助改善環(huán)境,于是答應(yīng)了給錢(qián)給他們.所以這個(gè)城市的市民就受益了,因?yàn)樗麄兯畹牡胤江h(huán)境被改善了.
Question: Explain the definition of xxx externality, how the example in the listening passage prove the definition given by the reading passage?
NO.10
T4
Reading:
Task partitioning - insects use their own specialized methods to accomplish tasks by dividing the work into separate groups.
Listening:
The professor gives an example of leaf-cutting ants.
Group1: climbs trees and picks up leaves.
Group2: cuts the leaves into small pieces, making them easier for transport.
Group3: brings the leaves back to the nest.
In this example, the groups can finish each of their tasks independently.
NO.11
Task 4
Reading part Listening part【名詞解釋】:
emotion display(情緒表達(dá)規(guī)則):
It means the expression of emotion depends on the society in which we are live in.【教授舉例】:
The professor uses an example of his 4-year-old daughter. She had a birthday party. Prior to the party, parents told her that she should hide her negative emotion when she did not like the gift received. Her grandmother gave her cute clothes as a gift. But the girl did not like it and felt disappointed. Before her negative emotion became too obvious, her mother said the clothes were very cute. The girl suddenly realized that she should say thank you to grandmother and she did that.
Question:用聽(tīng)力的例子來(lái)解釋對(duì)這個(gè)概念的理解。
NO.12
TASK4
講的有時(shí)候文化差異不能融合。例子North Russia和South Russia,南邊用馬拉扯產(chǎn)奶一堆活動(dòng),開(kāi)始北邊也學(xué)著用馬但是失敗了因?yàn)樘淞,后?lái)就換了ring deer然后很好的工作。
NO.13
口4: sociology,一個(gè)女教授說(shuō)不同種群的人會(huì)用自己創(chuàng)造的語(yǔ)音來(lái)進(jìn)行對(duì)話。
舉了兩個(gè)例子;一個(gè)是醫(yī)生們用自己有的專業(yè)知識(shí)來(lái)進(jìn)行交流,但對(duì)病人就要詳細(xì)說(shuō)明;一個(gè)是一群share experience的人,有過(guò)共同經(jīng)歷,只要mention 事情的keyword就能引起共鳴。 summarize一下就可以了。
版本2是developmental response就是植物可以調(diào)整自己適應(yīng)環(huán)境的改變。教授舉了pine trees作為例子。這種樹(shù)可以長(zhǎng)在陰涼地方或者sunny place。長(zhǎng)在陰涼地方,SOIL濕,就不需要發(fā)達(dá)extended roots system去生存。長(zhǎng)在陽(yáng)光好的地方,土地干,需要發(fā)達(dá)的根系汲取充足的水分。
NO.14
口語(yǔ)四:講priming,人的thoughts或behavior會(huì)受到之前的經(jīng)歷的影響。professor舉例,一個(gè)女生坐在公車(chē)上正想著以前的大學(xué)生活,寫(xiě)作業(yè)什么的,看到一個(gè)陌生男生上車(chē)坐下來(lái),在寫(xiě)東西,女生就認(rèn)為他一定是個(gè)學(xué)生,正在寫(xiě)作業(yè)。而另一個(gè)女生剛剛讀完一本詩(shī)集,所以她認(rèn)為這個(gè)男生是個(gè)作家或者詩(shī)人。
NO.15
S4
Reading: tragedy of commons. 給了定義和解釋
Lecture:教授舉了兩個(gè)例子說(shuō)明什么是tragedy of commons. 其一是fishing.說(shuō)當(dāng)然捕的魚(yú)多,掙的錢(qián)多。能accee to oceant的人自然愿意去多fishing。但是一旦overfishing,大家就都finished out with no fish. 其二是grazin. 說(shuō)一個(gè)屬于整個(gè)viliage的草坪,大家都喜歡把自己的動(dòng)物帶來(lái)grazing,草吃完了長(zhǎng)起來(lái),大家就帶更多的動(dòng)物來(lái),當(dāng)然草會(huì)被吃光了,然后就overgrazing了。
NO.16
Task4:
【講座主題】motivation research of consumer客戶購(gòu)買(mǎi)東西的動(dòng)機(jī):是公司為了調(diào)查消費(fèi)者為什么不買(mǎi)他們產(chǎn)品的調(diào)查但是有的時(shí)候消費(fèi)者自己也aware不到為什么。問(wèn)卷調(diào)查不能有效反映顧客的motivation
【教授舉例】教授說(shuō)了一個(gè)例子。一個(gè)制衣cloth公司因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)衣cloth不暢銷(xiāo),所以做了一個(gè)調(diào)查。他們沒(méi)有直接問(wèn)為什么,而是給people雜志和剪刀,讓他們剪cut下來(lái)認(rèn)為適合公司產(chǎn)品的圖片。顧客剪下來(lái)的都是運(yùn)動(dòng)員圖。所以就反映顧客認(rèn)為他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)衣只適合運(yùn)動(dòng)衣,不適合大眾。于是后來(lái)制衣公司就改進(jìn)。
NO.17
口4
Reading part Listening part
【課文要點(diǎn)】:
personality attribution error:
人們總會(huì)把錯(cuò)誤歸結(jié)為personality上面,而忽略了一些客觀的外部條件。 【教授舉例】:
教授(男)用自己的例子做了解釋。一次他參加一個(gè)會(huì)議,遲到了十分鐘,他很安靜的進(jìn)入會(huì)場(chǎng),沒(méi)打擾到其他人。在會(huì)中教授向演講者(女)問(wèn)了一個(gè)問(wèn)題,但是她并沒(méi)有搭理教授,而且看著有些生氣。教授后來(lái)了解了情況才意識(shí)到,女演講者在會(huì)議開(kāi)始就說(shuō)了今天時(shí)間緊張,讓大家不要提問(wèn),下次開(kāi)會(huì)的時(shí)候再提問(wèn)。而女演講者以為教授故意忽略了她一開(kāi)始做的說(shuō)明,她并不知道教授遲到了,沒(méi)聽(tīng)到她做那個(gè)說(shuō)明。
Question: 用聽(tīng)力的例子來(lái)解釋對(duì)這個(gè)概念的理解。
NO.18
口語(yǔ)四:
READING說(shuō)的是social responsibility。當(dāng)公司考慮更多的責(zé)任的時(shí)候,就可能會(huì)有一些經(jīng)濟(jì)上的犧牲啦~可是呢,當(dāng)顧客知道這些犧牲后,又會(huì)非常歡樂(lè)地來(lái)購(gòu)物啦。
lecture里面舉了個(gè)例子 coffee shop,開(kāi)始是plastic CUP,不環(huán)保 就換成了recycle PAPER 做的
后來(lái)又推出新措施 讓人們可以帶自己的杯子啥的 還有DISCOUNT