Task 1

　　Which one of the following volunteer work would you prefer doing? Tutoring children, driving senior citizens around or teaching adults to read?

　　Task 2

　　If there’s something you want to buy, do you prefer saving money yourself to buy it or ask someone to borrow some money to buy it?

　　Task 3

　　題目回憶：

　　學生建議設置電子布告欄，因為很多學生經過，而且校園會更整潔。聽力女生不同意，因為不是每個人都會經過那里，比如關于一個show如果只有圖書館張貼信息她就會錯過。另外電子布告太慢了，大家還是喜歡看張貼的信息。

　　The student proposes that the university should have an electric bulletin board due to two reasons. The first reason is that students pass by the bulletin board every day. And the second reason is that the university will look much tidier and much cleaner. In the conversation, the woman disagrees with the proposal. Her first reason is that not everyone passes by the bulletin board every day. She once saw a poster about a show on campus, but if the information was only posted in the library, she wouldn’t have been able to know about it. As for the second reason, she mentions that many students will think it’s too slow to read information posted on the electric bulletin board, posters are much more convenient.

　　Task 4

　　題目回憶：閱讀講了shaping這個概念，意思是小孩在學習技能時會觀察周圍人的反應，人們可以利用這個特質。教授說自己孩子涂色的例子，一開始涂成什么樣子都表揚，后來涂在樹上才表揚，逐漸提高要求，最后要涂到樹上才表揚。

　　In the lecture, the professor introduces the concept of shaping which means children observe the reaction of people around them when they learn a new skill, parents and teachers can better educate the children based on this quality. He offers us an example of his kid to illustrate it. When his kid just started coloring, he got praises and compliments despite of the quality of his work. After a while, the professor changed the strategy. Not like before, this time he only praised his kid when he was able to color the tree, he gradually raised the bar and his child started improving little by little as well. And now the professor only tells his kid that he’s doing a good job when he’s able to color the trunk of the tree. That’s how the professor uses the example of his own child to illustrate the concept of shaping.

　　Task 5

　　題目回憶：女生論文選擇了American landscape作為論文話題，但和別人重了。她可以堅持自己的話題，因為她很了解又喜歡，但是如果話題重復presentation的時候大家會覺得有點無聊。也可以換成folk art這個話題，老師本來也希望大家學習新的東西，但是所有內容都要重做。

　　The woman’s problem is that she chose American landscape as the topic of her presentation, unfortunately someone else chose the exactly same topic. There are two possible solutions. The first solution is to stick to this topic. And the second solution is to change her topic to folk art. If I were in her shoes, I would choose the first solution. Because as she mentions in the conversation, she’s really interested in American landscape and she knows a lot about it, so even if someone chose the same topic, I’m sure she will still be able to do a great job. I personally don’t recommend the other solution, because choosing a different topic means that she will have to do everything about the presentation from scratch, it’s too much work and a lot of time will be wasted. That’s why in this case, I think the first solution is a better option.

　　Task 6

　　題目回憶：灌溉的兩個缺點，其中一個是過度灌溉會造成土壤過度濕潤，產生大量菌類影響植物，另一個是鹽分太多，有些地區(qū)下雨少，湖水鹽分大，也會影響植物生長。

　　In the lecture, the professor talks about two disadvantages of irrigation. The first one is that plants won’t grow properly when there’s too much water. Take soil growing plants like melons as an example, when the soil gets too wet, fungus starts to form, and it will keep melons from growing properly. That’s why the whole irrigation system has to be designed carefully to avoid this problem. The second disadvantage is that in low-rainfall areas, salt builds up in lakes, when there’s too much salt in water, it will be harmful to plants as well.