正是因為工業(yè)革命的重要性，托福考試非常青睞它--工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展特點、歷史甚至與之相關(guān)的蒸汽機、能源問題都是在閱讀和聽力中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的話題。

　　TPO26中就曾出現(xiàn)蒸汽機以及蒸汽機改良相關(guān)的細節(jié)描述：

　　In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of

　　industrial uses as it became cheaper to use....A rotary(轉(zhuǎn)動的，旋轉(zhuǎn)的)engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts (轉(zhuǎn)動軸)to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton.

　　同一篇中，談到工業(yè)革命中鋼鐵行業(yè)的發(fā)展，也具體到很多細節(jié)：

　　The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal(木炭),made from wood and

　　thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke(焦炭)(substance left after coal is heated)

　　as steam-driven bellows(風(fēng)箱)came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron(精鐵).Reduced cost was

　　also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable

　　of producing finished iron(高純度的鐵)of various shapes and sizes.

　　這里幫大家整理一下工業(yè)革命主要產(chǎn)業(yè)及背景大家要記得記筆記哦。

　　紡織產(chǎn)業(yè)(textile industry)：

　　紡織機的演化：飛梭(Flying shuttle)→杼箱→珍妮紡紗機(Spinning Jenny)→騾機(Spinning Mule)→水力織布機→蒸汽動力驅(qū)動運輸行業(yè)革新：

　　1776年煤礦(colliery)中使用鐵軌;

　　1814年運煤的蒸汽機車問世;1825年世界上第一條鐵路;

　　1844年，英國鐵路長達2235英里;

　　鋼鐵行業(yè)革新：

　　1709年，焦炭(coke)取代木炭(charcoal)煉鐵;

　　1750年，坩堝煉鋼工藝(steelmaking process)，歐洲歷史上鋼首次被熔化冶煉(smelt)。