The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper,were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. (TPO22, 56)

　　camera obscura n. 暗箱

　　pinhole n. 小孔，針孔

　　topographical /ˌtɔpə'ɡræfikəl/ adj. 地形上的，地形學(xué)的

　　大家自己先讀，不回讀，看一遍是否能理解

　　The images (produced by the camera obscura), (a boxlike device) (that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper), were already familiar—the device had been much employed (bytopographical artists) (like the Italian painter Canaletto) (in his detailed views of the city of Venice). (TPO22, 56)

　　托福閱讀長難句100句分析：

　　這個句子的主干就是The images were already familiar

　　斷句一定要注意!!!

　　主語和謂語被非謂語動詞以及從句隔開了。

　　修飾一：(produced by the camera obscura) ，非謂語動詞，修飾the images

　　中文：由暗箱所產(chǎn)生的

　　修飾二：(a boxlike device) ，同位語

　　中文：盒裝設(shè)備

　　修飾三：(that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper) ，從句，修飾a boxlike device)

　　中文：用一個小孔或透鏡把一張圖像投射到一塊毛玻璃或一張紙上

　　修飾四：(by topographical artists) ，介詞短語

　　中文：通過地形藝術(shù)家

　　修飾五：(like the Italian painter Canaletto)，介詞短語

　　中文：像意大利畫家Canaletto

　　修飾六：(in his detailed views of the city of Venice)，介詞短語

　　中文：在詳細(xì)呈現(xiàn)威尼斯風(fēng)景時

　　托福閱讀長難句100句參考翻譯：

　　由暗箱(一種盒裝設(shè)備，用一個小孔或透鏡把一張圖像投射到一塊毛玻璃或一張紙上)所產(chǎn)生的圖像已經(jīng)很熟悉了——這種設(shè)備已經(jīng)被地形藝術(shù)家使用，例如意大利畫家Canaletto在詳細(xì)呈現(xiàn)威尼斯風(fēng)景時使用了這種設(shè)備。

　　這個句子的主要修飾成分就是非謂語動詞、從句、同位語和介詞短語，大家務(wù)必想清楚，每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么，才能看清楚這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。