2016年托福語(yǔ)法解析：復(fù)合句

　　復(fù)合句是TOEEL考題的基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)，因而連接主句和從句的連接詞就成為重要的命題焦點(diǎn)。TOEEL�？嫉膹膶龠B詞分三類：(1)關(guān)系代詞( that, which ,what who. Whose) (2) 關(guān)系副詞(where when why how) (3) 狀語(yǔ)從句連接詞 (where, when, if, though, because…) 有關(guān)從屬連詞的試題大部分集中在Structure (1-15題中) 掌握命題規(guī)律，這類題目并不復(fù)雜。從屬連詞�？碱}型及解題要點(diǎn)

　　1. 主句與從句之間必須有從屬連詞

　　全真例題分析

　　(1)The spiral threads of a spider*s web have a sticky substance on them ------- insects.

　　(A) traps

　　(B) trap its

　　(C) which traps

　　(D) which it traps (92.1)

　　[答案] C 定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)從句，且在從句中作主語(yǔ)。

　　(2)Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ------- higher plants can survive.

　　(A) there

　　(B) wherever

　　(C) somewhere

　　(D) then (92.5)

　　[答案] B 空格前后為兩個(gè)完整的句子，這里應(yīng)填入連接詞聯(lián)系主從兩句。四個(gè)選擇只有wherever是連詞，引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　(3)Duke Wellington was a composer. Conductor, and pianist ------ ranked as one of the greatest of all jazz figures.

　　(A) him

　　(B) although

　　(C) or

　　(D) who (92.10)

　　[答案] D 關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并作從句的主語(yǔ)。

　　(4)-------. Some of the Earth*s interior heat escapes to the surface.

　　(A) A volcano erupts

　　(B) A volcano whether erupts

　　(C) A volcano erupts it

　　(D) If a volcano erupts (93.5)

　　[答案] D 從屬連詞引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　2. 關(guān)系代詞 who與which混淆錯(cuò)用

　　解題要點(diǎn)：在written Expression (16-40題)中的四個(gè)選擇答案中出現(xiàn)who 或者which，應(yīng)確認(rèn)它所指代的是人還是物。

　　全直例題分析

　　(1)Fossil remains indicate that squidlike creatures called belemnites swam in the sea who covered the North American continent 70 million years ago. (94.5)

　　[答案] C 關(guān)系代詞who指代的是sea，因此應(yīng)用指物的which或that。

　　(2)Vaccines for some rare diseases are given only to persons which risk exposure to the disease. (93.1)

　　[答案] B 關(guān)系代詞which指代前面的persons，應(yīng)改為人稱關(guān)系代詞who。

　　(3)Anne Elizabeth McDowell is best remembered for a weekly journal, the Woman*s Advocate, who she launched in January 1855. (91.8)

　　[答案] D 關(guān)系代詞who指代雜志the woman*s Advocate,故應(yīng)改為which。

　　(4) The attorney general of the United States advises the President on any questions of law who may arise in the conduct of administrative affairs. (90.10)

　　[答案] B 關(guān)系代詞who指代前文的questions of law，故應(yīng)改為which或that。

　　3. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞which結(jié)構(gòu)

　　解題要點(diǎn) 介詞+which作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)關(guān)系副詞，在從句作狀語(yǔ)�？杀硎緯r(shí)間(=when) ,地點(diǎn)(= where) ，原因(=why)等等。

　　全真例題分析

　　(1) In reorganizing the curriculum of Mt. Holyoke College in the late 1800*s Elizabeth Mead laid the foundation ------- the modern college rests.

　　(A) is which

　　(B) on which

　　(C) which is on

　　(D) on it (91.1)

　　[答案] B on which 指代on the foundation ，作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞。

　　(2) A circuit may be defined as a closed path ------- electricity can How.

　　(A) through it

　　(B) through which

　　(C) that is through

　　(D) there goes through (93.3)

　　[答案] B through which 指代through the circuit, 作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)關(guān)系副詞，而介詞through才能準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)句子的含義。

　　(3) The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals depends on the soil ------- the plants grow.

　　(A) which

　　(B) which in

　　(C) in which

　　(D) in (90.5)

　　[答案] C in which = where

　　(4) Adhesives, such as glue, tape and gum, vary with the purpose ------- intended.

　　(A) they were for

　　(B) for they were

　　(C) which were they

　　(D) for which they were (93.10)

　　[答案] D for which指代for the purpose。

　　4. What 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

　　解題要點(diǎn)：what兼先行詞和關(guān)系代詞雙重身份，即what = the thing (things) that…。因此考生應(yīng)特別注意，what既已包含先行詞在內(nèi)，它的前面就不應(yīng)該再出現(xiàn)先行中心名詞。What 與that 的區(qū)分是TOEEL�？碱}目

　　全真例題分析

　　(1) During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became ------- is now Indiana and Ohio.

　　(A) there

　　(B) where

　　(C) that

　　(D) what (93.5)

　　[答案] D what = the area that。What所指代的是地點(diǎn)、位置。然而，此句卻不可選擇(B)where。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系副詞where不能作從句的主語(yǔ)。只有what即是先行詞又是關(guān)系代詞。

　　(2) The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ------- best in its climate and soil.

　　(A) it grows

　　(B) what grows

　　(C) does it grow

　　(D) what does grow (90.1)

　　[答案] B what grows = the thing that grows…另請(qǐng)注意：介詞后面通常不能接that引導(dǎo)的從句，但可接what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。

　　(3) A hinge joint is ------- permits the forward and backward movement of a door.

　　(A) the

　　(B) what

　　(C) those

　　(D) whose (88.10)

　　[答案] B what = the thing that…

　　(4) Essentially, a theory is an abstract. Symbolic representation of ------- reality.

　　(A) what it is conceived

　　(B) that is conceived

　　(C) what is conceived to be

　　(D) that is being conceived of (89.5)

　　[答案] C what = the thing that (is conceived to be…) .答案(A)中的代詞it是多余的，因?yàn)閣hat本身即已包含了先行詞(the thing ) 和關(guān)系代詞(that) 。答案(B)中的關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的從句不可以置于介詞的后面。

　　(5) Most of the food what elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks. (93.10

　　[答案] B what應(yīng)改為that。此句已含有先行詞food，不能再用關(guān)系代詞what。

　　5. 主句和從句

　　解題要點(diǎn) 主語(yǔ)從句是TOEEL常考而中國(guó)考生又較陌生英文文法結(jié)構(gòu)。有關(guān)主語(yǔ)從句的命題幾乎全部集中在structure (1-15題)中。主語(yǔ)從句的特點(diǎn)是讀起來(lái)有種頭重腳輕的感覺，而且有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。連詞That 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)特別留意。因?yàn)門hat 在句中沒有任何意義，它只具有引導(dǎo)出主語(yǔ)從句的功能，因而很容易被忽略。

　　全真例題分析

　　(1) ------- xenon could not from chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.

　　(A) For

　　(B) It was

　　(C) That

　　(D) While (91.1)

　　[答案] C That引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。其中第一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞could from 是從句的謂語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)系動(dòng)was是主句的謂語(yǔ)。

　　(2) ------- to space travelers is high acceleration of deceleration forces.

　　(A) Danger can be

　　(B) They can be dangerous

　　(C) What can be dangerous

　　(D) While danger (93.1)

　　[答案] C what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。What既是從句的連詞，又是從句的主語(yǔ)。

　　(3) ------- has been a topic of continual geological research.

　　(A) Did the continents originate

　　(B) How did the continents originate

　　(C) Have the continents originated

　　(D) How the continents originated (91.1)

　　[答案] D How 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。

　　(4) ------- progress helps to relieve scarcities is a fact accepted by economists.

　　(A) Technological

　　(B) That technological

　　(C)Although technological

　　(D)There is technological

　　[答案] B. That 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，當(dāng)連續(xù)讀到兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(e.g. Helps…is)，而空格在句首，應(yīng)首先考慮主語(yǔ)從句。這是主語(yǔ)從句典型的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。