口語(yǔ)中很多時(shí)候需要非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法運(yùn)用,但是大多數(shù)學(xué)生對(duì)于這個(gè)現(xiàn)象只是聽過(guò),但是使用起來(lái)卻不知所以然。所以我在課上我會(huì)跟學(xué)生,尤其是基礎(chǔ)較好的學(xué)生來(lái)推薦用這個(gè)語(yǔ)法在口語(yǔ)中,這樣使口語(yǔ)的句子含金量更高,聽起來(lái)更加高大上。為了使學(xué)生正確使用,我會(huì)事先做個(gè)統(tǒng)一的講解,然后再要求學(xué)生盡量用在接下的表達(dá)中,這樣會(huì)減少出錯(cuò)的概率,即使出錯(cuò)了,經(jīng)過(guò)我糾正,學(xué)生便知道錯(cuò)在哪里。
在英語(yǔ)中,不作句子謂語(yǔ),而具有除謂語(yǔ)外其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞,叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式;動(dòng)名詞;現(xiàn)在分詞;過(guò)去分詞。
用法是:
一、動(dòng)詞不定式:(to)+do, 具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。
1. 不定式的形式:
否定式:not + (to) do
(1) 一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后, 例如:I'm glad to meet you.
(2)進(jìn)行式:不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,例如:The boy pretended to beworking hard.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前,例如:I regretted to have told a lie.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語(yǔ):
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it作形式主語(yǔ),例如可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
(2)作表語(yǔ):
Her job is to clean the hall.
(3)作賓語(yǔ):
常與不定式做賓語(yǔ)連用的動(dòng)詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse,manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語(yǔ))后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則用it作形式賓語(yǔ),真正的賓語(yǔ)(不定式)后置,放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
(4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中,動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ):want, wish, ask, tell, order,beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
(5)作定語(yǔ):
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ),放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后.與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系:
①動(dòng)賓關(guān)系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等,應(yīng)有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者,不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
、谡f(shuō)明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
、郾恍揎椕~是不定式邏輯主語(yǔ):
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語(yǔ):
、俦砟康模
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
、诒斫Y(jié)果:
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào):
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
、鼙沓潭龋
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.