類型：學(xué)習(xí)教育
題目總量：200萬+
軟件評價：
下載版本
A long list of scientists helped to “classify” the races.Among them were some of the famous names of the 18th and 19th centuries: Linnaeus, Cuvier, Haeckel, Huxley and Buffon.Although their classifications rarely agreed, many accepted that the races were fundamentally different and could be arranged with Caucasians at the top.
Only after the Darwinian evolution and the emergence of genetics did the notion of a league table start to crumble.By the 1940s, UNESCO could emphatically state: "Racism falsely claims that there is a scientific basis for arranging groups hierarchically in terms of psychological and cultural characteristics that are immutable and innate.”
That groups cannot be arranged hierarchically does not mean that anthropologists cannot set up classifications which divide people into different groups, or that such classifications will not be useful, as several of our latter writers point out.For example, they can provide vital tools (along with language distribution) to reconstruct the prehistoric movements of peoples.Where genetic data are available, these reconstructions can be greatly refined.
In other contexts, such classifications are misleading.Many of the differences they record (including facial features, skin and hair color) are most probably superficial adaptations to local climate.Although useful as indicators of the origin of different groups, they imply nothing fundamental about differences between them.
Attempts to assess more important differences between groups (of any number of cognitive abilities, for example) always come to the same very well-known conclusion that the differences between individuals within one racial group are much larger than the differences between the average members of two such groups.
What this means is that it is impossible to say anything about a particular individual’s ability because of his or her race (however, defined) because the spread of variation within a race is larger than the average difference between races.Racism can thus receive no support from science, even though a classification of races can be scientifically useful.
Lay people sometimes put more faith in the concept of race than scientists do, perhaps because they believe they can quite easily identify a person's race or even nationality.But it's not that easy: our correspondent from Le Vesinet, for example, identified some of the people in our recent feature (“Genes in Black and White”）as Australian, Sicilian, Sumatran and Brazilian.In fact, they came from Sweden, Greece, the Central African Republic and Russia.
單選題第1題The phrase “steamed up” underlined in Paragraph 1 means________.
A.vaporized
B.interested
C.agitated
D.scared
參考答案：C
答案解析：詞義界定。短語steamed up出現(xiàn)在第一段第一句“Why do readers of New Scientist continue to get steamed up about race”，對于這個問題的原因，隨后有一句 “But all too often discussions of ‘race' lead to ‘racism'，and tempers begin to fray”可供參考。于是，語義邏輯就清楚了：為什么《新科學(xué)家》的讀者對于種族問題一直……呢？（因為）
關(guān)于種族的討論往往淪為“種族主義”，于是，人們漸漸沉不住氣了。根據(jù)原因推導(dǎo)，steamed up的意思是“生氣，激動，怒火中燒”，因此選擇C。
單選題第2題Before the 18th century, the word “race” was used________.
A.to describe the people of common origin and culture
B.by anthropologists for classifications of races
C.to indicate the hierarchy of different groups
D.rarely by ordinary people
參考答案：A
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識別。根據(jù)第一段 “Before the 18th century, race merely described a group of
common cultural origin, not one defined by immutable characteristics” 可知，十八世紀(jì)前，
種族一詞僅用來描述一群有共同文化淵源的人，而非用一成不變的特征來界定。其中的 a group of common cultural origin 和選項 A 的 the people of common origin and culture
屬于近義表述（或曰換語重述）。
單選題第3題Some Western colonizers thought that they were________.
A.arrogant
B.weak
C.inferior
D.superior
參考答案：D
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識別。根據(jù)第一段 “This usage changed as the Western powers colonized Asia
and Africa and needed a way to characterize the peoples they subjected as not only different,
but inferior”可知，隨著西方列強在亞洲和非洲的殖民，他們需要一種方式來描述那些受他們奴役的人民，這些人不僅非我族類，而且是劣等民族。于是，種族的用法改變了。題干部分提到的是colonizers（殖民者），那么在他們看來，自己是優(yōu)等民族（superior），所以選擇D
單選題第4題The classification of races by famous 18th- and 19th-century scientists were ________.
A.useful
B.hierarchical
C.valuable
D.significant
參考答案：B
答案解析：語義推理。根據(jù)第二段 “Although their classifications rarely agreed, many accepted
that the races were fundamentally different and could be arranged with Caucasians at the
top”可知，盡管對他們的分類很少達成一致意見，但許多人都接受的觀點是：種族之間存在根本性區(qū)別，而白種人（高加索人）至上。根據(jù)at the top可判斷，他們認(rèn)為種族之間存在等級，有高下之分。故B為正確選項。
單選題第5題The Darwinian evolution and the emergence of genetics helped to ________.
A.promote the notion of a league table
B.get rid of the notion of a league table
C.establish the UNESCO
D.arrange groups hierarchically
參考答案：B
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識別。根據(jù)第三段 “Only after the Darwinian evolution and the emergence of
genetics did the notion of a league table start to crumble”可知，只有在達爾文進化論和遺傳學(xué)出現(xiàn)后，種族排行的概念才開始瓦解，據(jù)此可以判斷，選項B與本句意義相近。
單選題第6題The classifications of races by anthropologists are useful in that they________.
A.divide people into different groups
B.help to define prehistoric human movements
C.contribute to language distribution
D.provide tools for the study of prehistoric human movements
參考答案：D
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識別。本題的答案出現(xiàn)在第四段。本段首先提到人類學(xué)家的分類并非一無是
處，然后舉例說明這些分類可以提供關(guān)鍵的工具，（與語言分布一起）重塑史前人們
的活動，即選項D表述的內(nèi)容。
單選題第7題Anthropologists’ classifications are sometimes misleading because they________.
A.imply fundamental differences between groups
B.refine the reconstruction of prehistoric human movements
C.do not imply the basic differences between groups
D.tell nothing about the influence of local climate
參考答案：C
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識別。第五段第一句的such classifications銜接了第四段的anthropologists' classifications,因此兩段分別講述了人類學(xué)家分類的優(yōu)缺點。本段所講的缺點主要是他們記錄的種族差異（包括面部特征、膚色及發(fā)色）大多都是歸因于為了適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂颍行┠w淺，沒有挖掘出不同種族的根本性區(qū)別（fundamental about differences between them）。這一表述與選項C一致。
單選題第8題Compared with differences between individuals within a group, the differences between groups are________.
A.much greater
B.smaller
C.more important
D.not clearly defined
參考答案：B
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識別。根據(jù)第六段 “the differences between individuals within one racial group are much larger than the differences between the average members of two such groups” 可知，一個種族內(nèi)部個體之間的差異遠(yuǎn)大于兩個種族之間一般成員間的差異。題干換了一種說法，因此選項B符合原意。
單選題第9題Racism receives little support from science because________.
A.a classification of races can be scientifically useful
B.an individual’s ability is determined by his or her race
C.the spread of variation within a race is larger
D.the notion of racism has already become insignificant
參考答案：C
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識別。本題問的是原因，因此需要繼續(xù)從原文中檢索與原因有關(guān)的內(nèi)容。第七段中間部分提到種族內(nèi)的差異大于種族間的平均差異，而選項C幾乎是原句表述，因此該題比較簡單。
單選題第10題Which of the following is the appropriate title of the passage?.
A.How to Get Rid of Racism
B.New Scientist
C.The Concept of Race
D.Reasons for Racism
參考答案：C
答案解析：補充標(biāo)題。第一段以設(shè)問提出race的定義問題；第二段指出race的分類引發(fā)的爭議；第三段引用聯(lián)合國教科文組織的聲明說明種族主義觀點是謬誤；第四段說明人類學(xué)家對種族的分類有其用途；第五段說明上述分類有誤導(dǎo)性；第六段通過比較種族內(nèi)差異與種族間差異進一步證明分類的缺陷；第七段證明種族主義沒有科學(xué)依據(jù)；最后一段說明普通人對種族差異的看法是片面甚至錯誤的。綜上，本文就種族的定義、分類、認(rèn)識展開討論，而標(biāo)題的目的是使讀者了解到文章的主要內(nèi)容和主旨。因此選項C符合原意。
涉及考點
2020翻譯三級綜合能力考試大綱
二、閱讀理解
相關(guān)題庫
| 題庫產(chǎn)品名稱 | 試題數(shù)量 | 優(yōu)惠價 | 免費體驗 | 購買 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022年翻譯三級《英語筆譯綜合能力》考試題庫 | 1870題 | ￥98.00 | 免費體檢 | 立即購買 |
你可能感興趣的試題
- · Without the friction between our feet and the ground, we may not be able to walk. 查看答案
- · By providing people with information about their electricity use down to every查看答案
- · According to UNICEF, around 564 million Indians, nearly half the population查看答案
- · He was a scientist who claimed to have a miracle cure and was then查看答案
- · If you want to understand what life expectancy is decreasing 查看答案
微信掃碼關(guān)注焚題庫
-
歷年真題
歷年考試真題試卷，真實檢驗
-
章節(jié)練習(xí)
按章節(jié)做題，系統(tǒng)練習(xí)不遺漏
-
考前試卷
考前2套試卷，助力搶分
-
模擬試題
海量考試試卷及答案，分?jǐn)?shù)評估