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The scientists were soon ready to turn their attention from visible life to microorganisms.The twin Viking landers carried three experiments designed to detect current biological activity and one to detect organic compounds, because researchers thought it possible that life had developed on early Mars just as it is thought to have developed on earth, through the gradual chemical evolution of complex organic molecules. To detect biological activity, Martian soil samples were treated with various nutrients that would produce characteristic by-products if life forms were active in the soil. The results from all three experiments were inconclusive. The fourth experiment heated a soil sample to look for signs of organic material, but found none, an unexpected result because at least organic compounds from the bombardment of the Martian surface by meteorites were thought to have been present.
The absence of organic materials, some scientists speculated, was the result of intense ultraviolet radiation penetrating the atmosphere of Mars and destroying organic compounds in the soil. Although Mars’ atmosphere was, at one time, rich in carbon dioxide and thus thick enough to protect its surface from the harmful rays of the sun, the carbon dioxide had gradually left the atmosphere and been converted into rocks. This means that even if life had gotten a start on early Mars, it could not have survived the exposure to ultraviolet radiation when the atmosphere thinned.
Despite the disappointing Viking results, there are those who still keep the possibility of life on Mars open. They point out that the Viking data cannot be considered the final word on Martian life because the two landers only sampled two limited and uninteresting sites. The Viking landing sites were not chosen for what they might tell of the planet's biology.They were chosen primarily because they appeared to be safe for landing a spacecraft. The landing sites were on parts of the Martian plains that appeared relatively featureless from orbital photographs.
The type of Martian terrain that these researchers suggest may be a possible hiding place because active life has an earthly parallel: the ice-free region of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, where the temperatures in some dry valleys average below zero. Organisms known as endoliths, a form of blue-green algae that has adapted to this harsh environment,were found living inside certain rocks in these Antarctic valleys. The argument based on this discovery is that if life did exist on early Mars, it is possible that it escaped worsening conditions by similarly seeking refuge in rocks. Skeptics object, however, that Mars in its present state is simply too dry, even compared with Antarctic valleys, to sustain any life whatsoever.
Should Mars eventually prove to be completely barren of life, as some suspect, then this would have a significant impact on the current view of the chemical origin of life. It could be much more difficult to get life started on a planet than scientists thought before the Viking landings.
單選題第1題Which of the following titles is proper for the passage ?
A.Relationship Between Life on Mars and Evolutionary Theory
B.Scientific Achievement of the Viking Mission
C.Possibility of Life Existence on Mars
D.Limitations of Scientific Investigation of Mars
參考答案：C
答案解析：主旨題。全文圍繞火星上是否有生命的話題展開,故選C。注意,選項B和D提到的維京任務和對火星的探索均在文內提及,不過均為輔證,不能認定為標題。
單選題第2題The word “suppress” underlined in Paragraph 1 means to.
A.vanquish
B.prohibit
C.oppose
D.stifle
參考答案：D
答案解析：語義題。文中suppress與anticipation搭配,表示抑制情感或反應。 suppress常用搭配有suppress a smile忍俊不禁, suppress anger強壓怒火。 stifle表示控制（感情或行為） ,其常見搭配有stifle curiosity忍住好奇心, stifle a yawn/smile忍住哈欠/微笑。兩詞意思相近,故選D。
單選題第3題The phrase “holding a lottery ticket” underlined in Paragraph 1 is used to ______.
A.indicate how likely it was that the photographs would show Martian life
B.suggest that scientists thought the camera might not function
C.refute the belief that life may exist on Mars
D.imply that any mission to another planet is a venture
參考答案：A
答案解析：語義題。第1段第1句提到“當……著陸,并開始向地球發(fā)回照片圖像時”科學家們的心情。第2句描述第一組圖像發(fā)回后顯示并無生命的跡象,由此可推出答案A�！笆种心弥势薄庇邪偃f分之一的中獎率,即有極小的可能證明火星上有生命。
單選題第4題The four Viking experiments were designed to______.
A.prove that meteorites do not strike the surface of Mars as often as scientists thought
B.show that biological activity is completely void of life on Mars
C.determine whether life exists on Mars
D.provide evidence for the existence of nutrients that produce life forms
參考答案：C
答案解析：推斷題。第2段第1句提到維京登陸器進行了三次實驗以探測當前的生物活動跡象,一次實驗探測有機化合物,這四次實驗均是為了探尋火星上的生命跡象,故選C。
單選題第5題According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements is true?
A.Viking experiments were not sensitive enough to detect life on Mars.
B.Organic materials on Mars might have been destroyed by ultraviolet radiation.
C.Microbes from dry Antarctic valleys will reproduce only every few months.
D.Mars had a shallow ocean covering much of its northern hemisphere in the first few hundred million years.
參考答案：B
答案解析：細節(jié)題。第3段第1句指出某些科學家推測火星上缺乏有機物,原因是強烈的紫外線透過火星大氣殺死了土壤中的有機化合物。故選B。
單選題第6題Paragraph 3 provides______.
A.an analysis of a theory set forth earlier
B.a theory about findings presented earlier
C.some evidence supporting a statement made earlier
D.a summation of facts reviewed earlier
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。本題應結合上下文推斷。從第2段可知,科學家從探測器發(fā)回的數(shù)據發(fā)現(xiàn),火星上沒有有機化合物存在的跡象,第3段提出一個理論對這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的結果進行了解釋一紫外線過強,故選B。第3段均為理論推測,并無實際的證據,不可選C。此外,本段是在推理可能性,并不是總結,故不可選D。
單選題第7題It can be inferred from the passage that Mars______.
A.was not able to support any life as the earth is
B.possessed at one time an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide, but the earth did not
C.accumulated organic compounds from meteorites
D.had an atmospheric layer that protected organic compounds
參考答案：A
答案解析：推斷題。從前文關于紫外線的推測到第5段最后一句“火星目前的狀態(tài)過于干燥,即便是能在南極存活的有機物在火星上也無法生存” ,可以看出,火星上的條件無法維持生命。故選A。第3段第2句提到火星大氣一度富含二氧化碳,但未提及地球的情況,故排除B。第3段第1句明確提出火星大氣無法有效阻擋紫外線,無法保護有機化合物,故排除D。
單選題第8題What did the author emphasize by mentioning the Viking landing sites in Paragraph 4?
A.Uninteresting as the landing sites were, they could have harbored Martian life.
B.The landers9 failure of finding evidence of life does not mean that Mars is devoid of life.
C.The Viking mission was unsuccessful largely due to selection of improper landing sites.
D.Scientists were not expecting to discover life on the Martian plains.
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。第4段第1句“盡管維京行動的結果令人失望,但還是有人堅持火星上存在生命的可能性” ,故選B。注意選項C容易誤選,選擇的登陸地點正確與否與維京行動的成敗并沒有直接的因果關系,只是一種推測,不可成為定論。
單選題第9題In Paragraph 5, the researchers’ argument that life may exist in Martian rocks is grounded on the fact that_______.
A.endoliths are capable of living in the harsh Martian environment
B.life developed in the form of blue-green algae on Mars
C.organisms may adopt identical survival strategies in comparable environments
D.organisms that have survived in Antarctica could survive the Martian environment
參考答案：C
答案解析：雕斷題。第5段第1句指出地球上有一處與火星相似的地方,那里存在一種“巖內微生物” ,為了適應嚴酷的生存環(huán)境,它們采用了在干谷某些巖石內生存的策略。故選C （有機物在類似的環(huán)境下可能采用相同的生存策略） 。
單選題第10題The author concludes the passage by stating that______.
A.human beings could eventually discover life on Mars even if there are many difficulties
B.it is a tougher job for scientists to spot life on Mars than they expected
C.the detection of life on Mars was not a primary objective of the scientists who sent the Viking landers
D.Viking landing influences scientific theory regarding the chemical origin of life on the earth
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。根據第6段最后一句可推出答案應選B。第6段第1句指出如果證實火星上不存在生命,這將對當今生命的化學起源產生巨大的影響,并不具體指地球上生命的化學起源,故不能選D。
涉及考點
2020翻譯二級筆譯綜合能力考試大綱
二、閱讀理解
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