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共享題干題【2017年真題】For more than 50 years, microbiologists in the U.S. and Europe have warned against using antibiotics to fatten up farm animals. The practice, they argue, threatens human health by turning farms into breeding grounds of drug-resistant bacteria. Farmers responded that restricting antibiotics in livestock would devastate the industry and significantly raise costs to consumers. We have empirical data that should resolve this debate. Since 1995, Denmark has enforced progressively tighter rules on the use of antibiotics in raising pigs, poultry and other livestock. In the process, it has shown that it’s possible to protect human health without hurting farmers.
Farmers in many countries use antibiotics in two key ways: (1) at full strength to treat sick animals and (2) in low doses to fatten meat-producing livestock or to prevent veterinary illnesses. Although even the proper use of antibiotics can inadvertently lead to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, the habit of using a low or “sub-therapeutic” dose is a formula for disaster: the treatment provides just enough antibiotic to kill some but not all bacteria. The germs that survive are typically those that happen to bear genetic mutations for resisting the antibiotic. They then reproduce and exchange genes with other microbial resisters. Because bacteria are found literally everywhere, resistant strains produced in animals eventually find their way into people as well. You could hardly design a better system for guaranteeing the spread of antibiotic resistance.
The data from multiple studies over the years support the conclusion that low doses of antibiotics in animals increase the number of drug-resistant microbes in both animals and people. As Joshua M. Scharfstein, a principal deputy commissioner at the Food and Drug Administration, put it, “You actually can trace the specific bacteria around and ... find that the resistant strains in humans match the resistant strains in the animals.”And this science is what led Denmark to stop sub-therapeutic dosing of chickens，pigs and other farm animals.
Although the transition unfolded smoothly in the poultry industry, the average weight of pigs fell in the first year. But after Danish farmers started leaving piglets together with
their mothers a few weeks longer to bolster their immune systems naturally, the animals’ weights jumped back up, and the number of pigs per litter increased as well. The lesson is that improving animal husbandry making sure that stalls and cages are properly cleaned and giving animals more room or time to mature offsets the initial negative impact of limiting antibiotic use. Today Danish industry reports that productivity is higher than before. Meanwhile, reports of antibiotic resistance in Danish people are mixed, which shows as if we needed reminding that there are no quick fixes.
Of course, the way veterinary antibiotics are used is not the only cause of human drug- resistant infections. Careless use of the drugs in people also contributes to the problem. But agricultural use is still a major contributing factor. Every day brings new evidence that we are in danger of losing effective antibiotic protection against many of the most dangerous bacteria that cause human illness. The technical issues are solvable. Denmark’s example proves that it is possible to cut antibiotic use on farms without triggering financial disaster. In fact, it might provide a competitive advantage. Stronger measures to deprive drug-resistant bacteria of their agricultural breeding grounds simply make scientific，economic and common sense.
81[2單選題]The purpose of this article is to .
A.report recent advances in the use of antibiotics
B.provide empirical evidence for microbiologists
C.describe threats of antibiotics to human health
D.contribute to settle an ongoing debate on antibiotics
[答案] D
[解析]主旨題。本文第1段概述了全文大意：關(guān)于飼養(yǎng)家禽家畜時(shí)限制使用抗生素的爭論，丹麥己通過實(shí)踐證明可以限制使用抗生素。由此可選D (解決一直以來圍繞抗生素的爭論)。選項(xiàng)A、B、C都是文中提到的部分內(nèi)容，但不是主要論點(diǎn)，故排除。
82[2單選題]Over the last 50 years, many Western scientists have been concerned about the
consequences of .
A.giving antibiotics to farm animals
B.using antibiotics to treat human diseases
C.resistance to the use of antibiotics among farmers
D.using antibiotics to speed up weight gain in farm animals
[答案] D
[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。第1段第1句，關(guān)鍵詞for more than 50 years與over the last 50 years屬于近義表達(dá)，microbiologists in the U.S. and Europe與Western scientists對(duì)應(yīng)，第 1句的謂語與題干謂語部分也對(duì)應(yīng)，賓語using antibiotics to fatten up farm animals中的fat up與speed up weight gain相同。故選D (他們關(guān)注使用抗生素讓農(nóng)場(chǎng)動(dòng)物增肥的后果)。
83[2單選題]What can we leam from Paragraph 2?
A.Use of antibiotics can let bacteria change their genes.
B.Drug-resistant bacteria are typically killed by antibiotics.
C.Antibiotics in animals can enter human bodies as well.
D.Antibiotics are used to prevent the spread of illnesses.
[答案] A
[解析]推斷題。第2段第2句提到，低劑量抗生素只能殺死一部分細(xì)菌，而無法殺死有耐藥性的細(xì)菌，因此排除B。第3句說存活下來的攜帶抗藥性基因突變的細(xì)菌，可以自我復(fù)制，并與其他攜帶抗藥性的細(xì)菌交換基因(從而產(chǎn)生耐藥菌種)。由此可見，使用抗生素會(huì)讓細(xì)菌改變基因，故選A。第5句說到動(dòng)物體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的耐藥菌會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給人類，而非動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的抗生素會(huì)進(jìn)入人體，故排除C。選項(xiàng)D (抗生素用來防止疾病的擴(kuò)散)在第2段并未提及，故也排除。
84[2單選題]The tone of the final sentence in Paragraph 2 is .
A.neutral
B. threatening
C. ironic
D. reassuring
[答案] C
[解析]語氣題。第2段最后一句從字面上理解的意思是，再也沒有比這個(gè)更好的保證抗藥性傳播的體系了。其實(shí)是在暗諷食物鏈?zhǔn)菍?dòng)物體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的抗生素耐藥性傳遞給人類的捷徑，因此作者使用了諷刺的語氣，故選C。
85[2單選題]We can infer from Paragraph 3 .
A.Denmark has stopped using any antibiotics in animals
B.low dose of antibiotics has little effect on human health
C.drug-resistant bacteria in animals can spread to humans
D.humans and farm animals have similar bacteria structure
[答案] C
[解析]推斷題。第3段第1句說有數(shù)據(jù)表明在動(dòng)物身上使用低劑量抗生素會(huì)同時(shí)增加動(dòng)物體內(nèi)和人體內(nèi)抗藥性細(xì)菌的數(shù)量。第2句引用約書亞的結(jié)論，通過追蹤“發(fā)現(xiàn)人體內(nèi)的耐藥菌種與動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的耐藥菌種是一致的”�？梢酝瞥龃鸢笧镃 (動(dòng)物體內(nèi)耐藥細(xì)菌會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給人類)。需注意的是match是“相同，一致”的意思，不同于similar “類似”的意思，考生易誤選D。
86[2單選題]When the Danish authorities ordered farmers to cease giving antibiotics to their farm animals,_______.
A.the farmers refused to cooperate
B.animals took longer to put on weight
C.animal productivity quickly began to rise
D.young pigs gained less weight in their first year
[答案] D
[解析]推斷題。第4段第1句提到家禽業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型順利，但是豬的平均體重在第一年有所下降，故選D。注意B (動(dòng)物需要更長時(shí)間增重)容易誤選，這是對(duì)第4段第2句的過度解讀。
87[2單選題]What does the word “offset” underlined in Paragraph 4 mean?
A.To serve as a beginning of.
B. To render ineffectively.
C. To set a limit on.
D. To compensate for.
[答案] D
[解析]語義題。offset詞出現(xiàn)在第4段的第3句，句子主干為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)是……”從句中的主語是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(畜牧業(yè)的改善)，破折號(hào)之間具體說明了改善的方法，從句的謂語就是offsets,賓語核 心詞是impact,整句意為畜牧業(yè)的改善抵消了限用抗生素之初的負(fù)面影響。故選D (補(bǔ)償)。
88[2單選題]The Danish government’s decision in 1995 to limit the use of antibiotics by fanners_____.
A.has produced healthier chickens but less healthy pigs
B.has caused concern about long-term productivity problems
C.has failed to lead to a drop in antibiotic resistance among people D. has significantly improved the health of both humans and animals
[答案] C
[解析]推斷題。從第4段可以看出限用抗生素后家禽轉(zhuǎn)型順利，家畜轉(zhuǎn)型較慢，但仍然增強(qiáng)了家豬的免疫力和存活率，可見家豬也很健康，排除A。第4句丹麥產(chǎn)業(yè)報(bào)告說生產(chǎn)率比以前更高，但未提及對(duì)長期生產(chǎn)力的關(guān)注，故應(yīng)排除B。第4段最后一句提到“關(guān)于丹麥人抗生素耐藥性的報(bào)道喜憂參半，提醒我們沒有速效藥”，即暫時(shí)未能降低人群中的抗藥性。故選C。
89[2單選題]The last paragraph tells us that .
A.several factors cause human drug-resistant infections
B.people worry about the use of antibiotics in animals
C.human beings are liable to be attacked by bacteria
D.drug-resistant infections bring illnesses to humans
[答案] A
[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。第5段第1句直接告訴大家“家畜抗生素的使用方式并不是人類耐藥感染的唯一原因”，故選A。注意D容易誤選，耐藥感染會(huì)使人們?cè)谑褂每股貢r(shí)無效，增加治愈疾病的難度，而不是直接讓人生病。
90[2單選題]The author believes that .
A.Denmark’s experience can be generalized
B.measures should be taken to reduce bacteria
C.antibiotics protection is essential to animals
D.limiting the use of antibiotics has technical proof
[答案] A
[解析]觀點(diǎn)題。第5段第6句“丹麥的例子就證明了在農(nóng)場(chǎng)減少抗生素的使用不會(huì)引發(fā)金融災(zāi)難�！币虼诉x擇答案A (丹麥的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以普及)。注意考生易誤選D，其實(shí)是對(duì)第5段第5句的誤讀，該句說到的“技術(shù)問題可以解決”是說我們可以找到對(duì)抗耐藥細(xì)菌的辦法，容易讓人想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為抗生素的限用有技術(shù)支撐。
Farmers in many countries use antibiotics in two key ways: (1) at full strength to treat sick animals and (2) in low doses to fatten meat-producing livestock or to prevent veterinary illnesses. Although even the proper use of antibiotics can inadvertently lead to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, the habit of using a low or “sub-therapeutic” dose is a formula for disaster: the treatment provides just enough antibiotic to kill some but not all bacteria. The germs that survive are typically those that happen to bear genetic mutations for resisting the antibiotic. They then reproduce and exchange genes with other microbial resisters. Because bacteria are found literally everywhere, resistant strains produced in animals eventually find their way into people as well. You could hardly design a better system for guaranteeing the spread of antibiotic resistance.
The data from multiple studies over the years support the conclusion that low doses of antibiotics in animals increase the number of drug-resistant microbes in both animals and people. As Joshua M. Scharfstein, a principal deputy commissioner at the Food and Drug Administration, put it, “You actually can trace the specific bacteria around and ... find that the resistant strains in humans match the resistant strains in the animals.”And this science is what led Denmark to stop sub-therapeutic dosing of chickens，pigs and other farm animals.
Although the transition unfolded smoothly in the poultry industry, the average weight of pigs fell in the first year. But after Danish farmers started leaving piglets together with
their mothers a few weeks longer to bolster their immune systems naturally, the animals’ weights jumped back up, and the number of pigs per litter increased as well. The lesson is that improving animal husbandry making sure that stalls and cages are properly cleaned and giving animals more room or time to mature offsets the initial negative impact of limiting antibiotic use. Today Danish industry reports that productivity is higher than before. Meanwhile, reports of antibiotic resistance in Danish people are mixed, which shows as if we needed reminding that there are no quick fixes.
Of course, the way veterinary antibiotics are used is not the only cause of human drug- resistant infections. Careless use of the drugs in people also contributes to the problem. But agricultural use is still a major contributing factor. Every day brings new evidence that we are in danger of losing effective antibiotic protection against many of the most dangerous bacteria that cause human illness. The technical issues are solvable. Denmark’s example proves that it is possible to cut antibiotic use on farms without triggering financial disaster. In fact, it might provide a competitive advantage. Stronger measures to deprive drug-resistant bacteria of their agricultural breeding grounds simply make scientific，economic and common sense.
81[2單選題]The purpose of this article is to .
A.report recent advances in the use of antibiotics
B.provide empirical evidence for microbiologists
C.describe threats of antibiotics to human health
D.contribute to settle an ongoing debate on antibiotics
[答案] D
[解析]主旨題。本文第1段概述了全文大意：關(guān)于飼養(yǎng)家禽家畜時(shí)限制使用抗生素的爭論，丹麥己通過實(shí)踐證明可以限制使用抗生素。由此可選D (解決一直以來圍繞抗生素的爭論)。選項(xiàng)A、B、C都是文中提到的部分內(nèi)容，但不是主要論點(diǎn)，故排除。
82[2單選題]Over the last 50 years, many Western scientists have been concerned about the
consequences of .
A.giving antibiotics to farm animals
B.using antibiotics to treat human diseases
C.resistance to the use of antibiotics among farmers
D.using antibiotics to speed up weight gain in farm animals
[答案] D
[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。第1段第1句，關(guān)鍵詞for more than 50 years與over the last 50 years屬于近義表達(dá)，microbiologists in the U.S. and Europe與Western scientists對(duì)應(yīng)，第 1句的謂語與題干謂語部分也對(duì)應(yīng)，賓語using antibiotics to fatten up farm animals中的fat up與speed up weight gain相同。故選D (他們關(guān)注使用抗生素讓農(nóng)場(chǎng)動(dòng)物增肥的后果)。
83[2單選題]What can we leam from Paragraph 2?
A.Use of antibiotics can let bacteria change their genes.
B.Drug-resistant bacteria are typically killed by antibiotics.
C.Antibiotics in animals can enter human bodies as well.
D.Antibiotics are used to prevent the spread of illnesses.
[答案] A
[解析]推斷題。第2段第2句提到，低劑量抗生素只能殺死一部分細(xì)菌，而無法殺死有耐藥性的細(xì)菌，因此排除B。第3句說存活下來的攜帶抗藥性基因突變的細(xì)菌，可以自我復(fù)制，并與其他攜帶抗藥性的細(xì)菌交換基因(從而產(chǎn)生耐藥菌種)。由此可見，使用抗生素會(huì)讓細(xì)菌改變基因，故選A。第5句說到動(dòng)物體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的耐藥菌會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給人類，而非動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的抗生素會(huì)進(jìn)入人體，故排除C。選項(xiàng)D (抗生素用來防止疾病的擴(kuò)散)在第2段并未提及，故也排除。
84[2單選題]The tone of the final sentence in Paragraph 2 is .
A.neutral
B. threatening
C. ironic
D. reassuring
[答案] C
[解析]語氣題。第2段最后一句從字面上理解的意思是，再也沒有比這個(gè)更好的保證抗藥性傳播的體系了。其實(shí)是在暗諷食物鏈?zhǔn)菍?dòng)物體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的抗生素耐藥性傳遞給人類的捷徑，因此作者使用了諷刺的語氣，故選C。
85[2單選題]We can infer from Paragraph 3 .
A.Denmark has stopped using any antibiotics in animals
B.low dose of antibiotics has little effect on human health
C.drug-resistant bacteria in animals can spread to humans
D.humans and farm animals have similar bacteria structure
[答案] C
[解析]推斷題。第3段第1句說有數(shù)據(jù)表明在動(dòng)物身上使用低劑量抗生素會(huì)同時(shí)增加動(dòng)物體內(nèi)和人體內(nèi)抗藥性細(xì)菌的數(shù)量。第2句引用約書亞的結(jié)論，通過追蹤“發(fā)現(xiàn)人體內(nèi)的耐藥菌種與動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的耐藥菌種是一致的”�？梢酝瞥龃鸢笧镃 (動(dòng)物體內(nèi)耐藥細(xì)菌會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給人類)。需注意的是match是“相同，一致”的意思，不同于similar “類似”的意思，考生易誤選D。
86[2單選題]When the Danish authorities ordered farmers to cease giving antibiotics to their farm animals,_______.
A.the farmers refused to cooperate
B.animals took longer to put on weight
C.animal productivity quickly began to rise
D.young pigs gained less weight in their first year
[答案] D
[解析]推斷題。第4段第1句提到家禽業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型順利，但是豬的平均體重在第一年有所下降，故選D。注意B (動(dòng)物需要更長時(shí)間增重)容易誤選，這是對(duì)第4段第2句的過度解讀。
87[2單選題]What does the word “offset” underlined in Paragraph 4 mean?
A.To serve as a beginning of.
B. To render ineffectively.
C. To set a limit on.
D. To compensate for.
[答案] D
[解析]語義題。offset詞出現(xiàn)在第4段的第3句，句子主干為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)是……”從句中的主語是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(畜牧業(yè)的改善)，破折號(hào)之間具體說明了改善的方法，從句的謂語就是offsets,賓語核 心詞是impact,整句意為畜牧業(yè)的改善抵消了限用抗生素之初的負(fù)面影響。故選D (補(bǔ)償)。
88[2單選題]The Danish government’s decision in 1995 to limit the use of antibiotics by fanners_____.
A.has produced healthier chickens but less healthy pigs
B.has caused concern about long-term productivity problems
C.has failed to lead to a drop in antibiotic resistance among people D. has significantly improved the health of both humans and animals
[答案] C
[解析]推斷題。從第4段可以看出限用抗生素后家禽轉(zhuǎn)型順利，家畜轉(zhuǎn)型較慢，但仍然增強(qiáng)了家豬的免疫力和存活率，可見家豬也很健康，排除A。第4句丹麥產(chǎn)業(yè)報(bào)告說生產(chǎn)率比以前更高，但未提及對(duì)長期生產(chǎn)力的關(guān)注，故應(yīng)排除B。第4段最后一句提到“關(guān)于丹麥人抗生素耐藥性的報(bào)道喜憂參半，提醒我們沒有速效藥”，即暫時(shí)未能降低人群中的抗藥性。故選C。
89[2單選題]The last paragraph tells us that .
A.several factors cause human drug-resistant infections
B.people worry about the use of antibiotics in animals
C.human beings are liable to be attacked by bacteria
D.drug-resistant infections bring illnesses to humans
[答案] A
[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題。第5段第1句直接告訴大家“家畜抗生素的使用方式并不是人類耐藥感染的唯一原因”，故選A。注意D容易誤選，耐藥感染會(huì)使人們?cè)谑褂每股貢r(shí)無效，增加治愈疾病的難度，而不是直接讓人生病。
90[2單選題]The author believes that .
A.Denmark’s experience can be generalized
B.measures should be taken to reduce bacteria
C.antibiotics protection is essential to animals
D.limiting the use of antibiotics has technical proof
[答案] A
[解析]觀點(diǎn)題。第5段第6句“丹麥的例子就證明了在農(nóng)場(chǎng)減少抗生素的使用不會(huì)引發(fā)金融災(zāi)難�！币虼诉x擇答案A (丹麥的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以普及)。注意考生易誤選D，其實(shí)是對(duì)第5段第5句的誤讀，該句說到的“技術(shù)問題可以解決”是說我們可以找到對(duì)抗耐藥細(xì)菌的辦法，容易讓人想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為抗生素的限用有技術(shù)支撐。
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