If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavor
類型：學(xué)習(xí)教育
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There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. Recently it announced that, the results of taxpayer- financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute.
Britain’s government is not alone. Soon the European Union followed suit. In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health (NIH, the single biggest source of civilian research funds in the world) has required open-access publishing since 2008. And the Wellcome Trust, a British foundation that is the world’s second-biggest charitable source of scientific money, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, also insists that those who receive its support should make their work available free.
Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things. One is that their processes take months, when the Internet could enable them to take days. The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down. The publishers thus have scientists or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions 一 in an armlock. That, combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers) is free, leads to generous returns. In 2011, Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher, made a profit of 768 million on revenues of 2.06 billion a margin of 37 percent. Indeed, Elsevier's profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12,000 researchers have signed up to boycott the company’s journals.
Publishers do provide a service. They organize peer reviews, in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts (though those experts, like the authors of papers, are seldom paid for what they do). They also sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where. That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further.
But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it online，in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are paying attention and asking whether they might also benefit from the change.
Much remains to be worked out. Some fear the loss of the traditional journals' curation and verification of research. Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that the newly liberated papers have ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way they want.
A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it. If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be.
單選題第1題The first two paragraphs intend to indicate that____ .
A.taxpayers should make great efforts to exchange ideas
B.publishers are regarded as a negative factor in science
C.the government is liable to pay for research expenses
D.the results of research projects are freely available to the public
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。前兩段的核 心內(nèi)容是“納稅人希望免費(fèi)獲得由財(cái)政支持的科技成果信息，而期刊出版商卻成了其羈絆”。近來，英國政府推出一項(xiàng)舉措，由財(cái)政資助的科研成果在網(wǎng)上免費(fèi)向公眾開放。將本題的四個選項(xiàng)與這些內(nèi)容比對后，可知B為正確答案。A未提及，C和D的共同問題是未限定財(cái)政支持。
單選題第2題According to Paragraph 3, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ____.
A.is a very important provider of research funding
B.argues that researchers make their findings public freely
C.has a monopoly on any research results with its financial support
D.follows the example set by the U.S. NIH
參考答案：A
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第3段第4句，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，the Wellcome Trust排在the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation之后，是世界第二大為科學(xué)研宄提供資金的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)，由此推斷the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation也為科學(xué)研宄提供資助，故選A。
單選題第3題According to the passage, people who are unhappy with publishers of scientific journals______.
A.criticize the unfair publication of scientific articles
B.object to their slowness and the high costs of the journals
C.blame them for the slow pace of recent scientific progress
D.think that journals should be abolished as an obstacle to freedom of speech
參考答案：B
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第4段第1句，從后文可知批評集中在兩點(diǎn)：出版時(shí)間長達(dá)數(shù)月;壟斷造成價(jià)格難以下降。故選B。
單選題第4題The word “egregious” underlined in Paragraph 4 means_____ .
A.somewhat unfavorable
B.rather unnecessary
C.strikingly unavailable
D.clearly bad
參考答案：D
答案解析：語義題。根據(jù)上下文可知，人們對于Elsevier的過高獲利極為不滿，因此egregious應(yīng)為貶義，而且程度比較強(qiáng)烈。因該句主語是Elsevier所獲得的利潤，首先可以排除C (完全無法獲得)和B (完全沒必要)，而A (有點(diǎn)不利的)程度不夠，意義也不符合題意。通過排除法，正確答案為D (顯然是不正當(dāng)?shù)?。
單選題第5題According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true?
A.Mini-monopoly seems to advance scientific research.
B.Subscription is a major source of margins for the journals.
C.Publishers make great profits by keeping the price down.
D.Researchers subscribe to journals to receive free manuscripts.
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。該類題型通過選項(xiàng)定位尋找正確答案。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞mini-monopoly, subscription, publishers, manuscripts定位到原文相關(guān)句子后，將四個選項(xiàng)的語義與其對比后可知，符合題意的只有B(期刊收入的主要來源是客戶訂閱)，因?yàn)樵奶岬健耙虼顺霭嫔陶瓶亓丝茖W(xué)家，更準(zhǔn)確地說，是科學(xué)家任職的大學(xué)，它們需要花錢訂閱學(xué)術(shù)期刊”，故選B。
單選題第6題In the phrase “sort the scientific sheep from the goats” underlined in Paragraph 5, the author uses a metaphorical device termed____ .
A.allusion
B.pun
C.metaphor
D.irony
參考答案：C
答案解析：修辭題。本題考查修辭手段的運(yùn)用。根據(jù)上下文可知，出版社需要辨別論文稿件的優(yōu)劣，以確定哪些論文可以出版。本詞組中的sheep (綿羊)和goat (山羊)顯然不是指這兩種動物本身，而是指代優(yōu)劣稿件。根據(jù)修辭的特點(diǎn)，可知作者運(yùn)用了暗喻的手法，故選C。英文中有separate the sheep from the goats的說法，等同于sort (out) the sheep from the goats,意為：to make clear which people in a particular group are of a higher ability than the others .
單選題第7題Before the publication of papers, peer reviews are to ____.
A.differentiate papers
B.evaluate them
C.exercise the power of publishers
D.add the value of journals
參考答案：B
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位原文第5段第2句，大意為“出版社組織同行評審專家對論文進(jìn)行匿名評審”，故選B (評估論文)。值得注意的是，選項(xiàng)A (區(qū)分論文)也與題意接近，但不如B準(zhǔn)確。
單選題第8題The author mentions the concerns of Sir Mark Walport, who____ .
A.strongly supports current publishing arrangements and models
B.worries about the poor quality of current scientific publication
C.believes that the weaknesses of open-access journals can easily be overcome
D.is afraid that good papers in open-access journals may be neglected
參考答案：D
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位原文第7段第2句，可知Sir Mark Walport強(qiáng)烈支持科研論文通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)表，但同時(shí)對這些論文的前景感到擔(dān)憂，因?yàn)檫@種改革失去了傳統(tǒng)審稿的保障。由此排除A和B,因?yàn)檫@兩個選項(xiàng)是針對現(xiàn)行出版制度而言的，C選項(xiàng)在文中未提及，故選D (擔(dān)心免費(fèi)獲取的期刊優(yōu)秀論文可能被忽視)。
單選題第9題What does the author think of the future of open-access journals?
A.Doubtful.
B.Unclear.
C.Foreseeable.
D.Pessimistic.
參考答案：C
答案解析：態(tài)度題。作者對于主題的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)一般出現(xiàn)在文章的最后一部分。根據(jù)第8段可知，作者認(rèn)為改革已經(jīng)開始，技術(shù)條件己經(jīng)成熟，研宄人員和政客都需要這樣的變革。由此可見，這場革命己經(jīng)勢不可擋，故選C (可以預(yù)見的)。
單選題第10題The passage intends to____ .
A.argue that academic journals face a radical shake-up
B.illustrate that the publishing formalities need not to change
C.report that the publication of papers faces intense competition
D.discuss that scientific research is shifting to free access
參考答案：A
答案解析：主旨題。文章的主題往往出現(xiàn)在第一部分和最后一部分。本文第2段表明，英國政府宣布由公共財(cái)政資助的研宄成果將在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公開，供民眾免費(fèi)閱覽，第8段又強(qiáng)調(diào)此舉勢在必行。換言之，出版社有償公布科研論文的傳統(tǒng)模式將一去不復(fù)返。將四個選項(xiàng)與這一主題對比后可知，最符合題意的是A (表明學(xué)術(shù)期刊面臨巨大變革)。D為強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，似乎也符合題意。但仔細(xì)研究后發(fā)現(xiàn)，其意為“科學(xué)研宄向免費(fèi)轉(zhuǎn)變”，而本文的主題是研宄成果免費(fèi)查閱，略有不同，故選A。
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2020翻譯二級筆譯綜合能力考試大綱
二、閱讀理解
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