Nexirotechnology has long been a favorite of science-fiction writers. In Neuromancer
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Where the sci-fi genre led, philosophers are now starting to follow. In Howard Chizeck's lab at the University of Washington, researchers are working on an implanted device to administer deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in order to treat a common movement disorder called essential tremor. Conventionally, DBS stimulation is always on, wasting energy and depriving the patient of a sense of control. The lab's ethicist, Tim Brown, a doctoral student of philosophy, says that some DBS patients suffer a sense of alienation and complain of feeling like a robot.
To change that, the team at the University of Washington is using neuronal activity associated with intentional movements as a trigger for turning the device on. But the researchers also want to enable patients to use a conscious thought process to override these settings. That is more useful than it might sound: stimulation currents for essential tremor can cause side-effects like distorted speech, so someone about to give a presentation, say, might wish to shake rather than slur his words.
Giving humans more options of this sort will be essential if some of the bolder visions for brain-computer interfaces are to be realised. Hannah Maslen from the University of Oxford is another ethicist who works on a BCI project, in this case a neural speech prosthesis being developed by a consortium of European researchers. One of her jobs is to think through the distinctions between inner speech and public speech: people need a dependable mechanism for separating out what they want to say from what they think.
That is only one of many ethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. What protection will BCIs offer against neural hacking? Who owns neural data, including information that is gathered for research purposes now but may be
decipherable in detail at some point in the future? Where does accountability lie if a user does something wrong? And if brain implants are performed not for therapeutic purposes but to augment people's abilities, will that make the world an even more unequal place?
For some, these sorts of questions cannot be asked too early: more than any other new technology, BCIs may redefine what it means to be human. For others, they are premature."The societal-justice problem of who gets access to enhanced memory or vision is a question for the next decades, not years,9, says Thomas Cochrane, a neurologist and director of neuroethics at the Centre for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School.
In truth, both arguments are right. It is hard to find anyone who argues that visions of whole-brain implants and Al-human symbiosis are impossible to realize; but harder still to find anyone who thinks something so revolutionary will happen in the near future.
單選題第1題In Neuromancer, what can neural implants do?
A.It can make a mesh grow into brain.
B.People can use neural implants to enter into the sensory experiences of others.
C.People can use neural implants to control people's thought.
D.It can help people produce a neural lace.
參考答案：B
答案解析：根據(jù)題干中的neuromancer和選項(xiàng)中的neural implants可直接定位至第1段。題目問神經(jīng)植入物能做什么，第二句話提到，在《神經(jīng)漫游者》訓(xùn)cer）中，人們可以使用神經(jīng)植入物進(jìn)入他人的感官體驗(yàn)，因此排除C項(xiàng)“控制人的思想”。選項(xiàng)A與D中出現(xiàn)的mesh、neural lace是Iain M. Banks在他的“文化”系列小說中提到的內(nèi)容，與題目無關(guān)，所以正確答案為B。
單選題第2題What does The Terminal Man written by Michael Crichton imagine?
A.Machines have taken over from humans.
B.A brain implant will make a good effect on human.
C.Machines with a brain implant are taking over from human.
D.Human will get on well with machines in the future.
參考答案：C
答案解析：根據(jù)題干中的Michael Crichton可定位至第1段。題目問 在《終極人》中，Michael Crichton構(gòu)想了什么。第四句中說Michael Crichton在1972年出版的《終極人》中想象了大腦植入物對人類的影響，在該著作中，機(jī)器正在一步步掌控人類。A項(xiàng)“機(jī)器已經(jīng)掌控了人類”，描述有誤，與原文不符；B、D兩項(xiàng)在文中未提及；只有C項(xiàng)與原文相符。
單選題第3題What can we know from the description of Paragraph 2?
A.Researchers are working on an implanted device to waste energy.
B.An implanted device can utilize deep-brain stimulation to treat movement disorder.
C.DBS patients enjoy a sense of alienation and a feeling like a robot.
D.An implanted device can treat a common language disorder.
參考答案：B
答案解析：根據(jù)題干定位至第2段。題目問從第2段的描述中，我們能了解到什么。研究人員研發(fā)植入式設(shè)備是為了治療運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙，而非浪費(fèi)能量，A項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“DBS患者很享受隔離與像機(jī)器人的感覺”，與原文內(nèi)容相反；D項(xiàng)“植入式設(shè)備能治療語言紊亂”，與原文不符。因此正確答案為B項(xiàng)“植入式設(shè)備利用深部腦刺激（DBS）來治療被稱為特發(fā)性震顫的一種常見的運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙”，其與原文一致。
單選題第4題According to Tim Brown, how do DBS patients feel?
A.Excited.
B.Relaxed.
C.Uncomfortable.
D.Curious.
參考答案：C
答案解析：根據(jù)題干中的Tim Brown，DBS patients定位至第2段。題目問的是根據(jù)Tim Brown所言，DBS患者有什么感覺。該段最后一句說“一些DBS患者會(huì)感到有一種疏離感并抱怨感覺自己像一個(gè)機(jī)器人”，可見DBS患者感受并不好，因此只有C項(xiàng)符合該句表達(dá)的含義，A項(xiàng)“興奮的”、B項(xiàng)“放松的”、D項(xiàng)“好奇的”皆不符合該句表達(dá)的含義。
單選題第5題What do the researchers at the University of Washington expect to do?
A.To use a neuronal activity with intentional movements as a trigger for turning the device on.
B.To enable patients to use a conscious thought process to override these settings.
C.To use neuronal activity override these settings.
D.To use a conscious thought for turning the device on.
參考答案：B
答案解析：根據(jù)題干定位至第3段。題目問華盛頓大學(xué)的研究人員希望做什么。該段第二句的意思是：研究人員還希望讓患者能夠使用有意識的思維過程來覆蓋這些設(shè)置。A項(xiàng)“利用與故意運(yùn)動(dòng)相關(guān)的神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)作為打開裝置的觸發(fā)器”，是研究人員現(xiàn)在正在做的事，與題目不符；C項(xiàng)“用神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)覆蓋設(shè)置”，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“用有意識思維打開裝置”，與原文不符。因此只有B項(xiàng)正確。
單選題第6題Which of the following is NOT true in Paragraph 4?
A.Hannah Maslen’s job is to distinguish inner speech from public speech.
B.Hannah Maslen from the University of Oxford is an ethicist who works on a DBS project.
C.People need a dependable mechanism for separating out what they want to say from what they think.
D.A neural speech prosthesis is developed by a consortium of European researchers.
參考答案：B
答案解析：根據(jù)題干定位至第4段。題目問在第4段中，哪一項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的，是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。A、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在該段中皆有體現(xiàn)，與原文一致。B項(xiàng)說“牛津大學(xué)的Hannah Maslen是一位從事DBS項(xiàng)目的倫理學(xué)家”，其中DBS與原文不符，應(yīng)為BCI，故正確答案為B項(xiàng)。
單選題第7題Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a question of sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces?
A.Neural hacking.
B.Neural data and information.
C.Accountability.
D.Technical costs.
參考答案：D
答案解析：根據(jù)題千定位至第5段。題目問作為科幻版腦一機(jī)接口的問題，以下哪一項(xiàng)未被提及。該段中提出了科幻版腦一機(jī)接口的四個(gè)問題：神經(jīng)黑客、神經(jīng)數(shù)據(jù)及信息、問責(zé)以及大腦植入物會(huì)引發(fā)世界不平等。A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)符合原文，D項(xiàng)“技術(shù)成本”在文中未提及，因此正確答案為D項(xiàng)。
單選題第8題Why can't some sorts of questions be asked too early for some people?
A.These questions have been solved.
B.BCIs may redefine what it means to be human more than any other new technology.
C.More than any other new technology, BCIs will not take human into consideration.
D.These questions don't exist at all.
參考答案：B
答案解析：根據(jù)題干定位至第6段。題目問為什么對有些人來說一些問題不能問得太早。A項(xiàng)“問題己經(jīng)被解決”與D項(xiàng)“問題根本不存在”，在該段均未提及；C項(xiàng)“比起其他新科技，BCIs將不會(huì)考慮人類”與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“比起任何其他新技術(shù)，BCI可能會(huì)重新定義人類的意義”與原文一致。因此正確答案為B項(xiàng)。
單選題第9題What does Thomas Cochrane want to tell us?
A.The societal-justice problem will not be solved forever.
B.People who get access to enhanced memory or vision will be stronger.
C.The societal-justice problem of who gets access to enhanced memory or vision is a long-term problem.
D.The societal-justice problem of who gets access to enhanced memory or vision is a short-term problem.
參考答案：C
答案解析：根據(jù)題干定位至第6段。題目問的是Thomas Cochrane想要告訴我們什么。該段第三句中，Thomas Cochrane說“誰能獲得增強(qiáng)記憶或視力的社會(huì)公平問題是未來幾十年的問題，而不是幾年”，與C項(xiàng)一致，D項(xiàng)正好與C相反，A、B兩項(xiàng)在該段均未提及。因此正確答案為C項(xiàng)。
單選題第10題Which of the following adjectives best describes the author's attitude towards arguments in Paragraph 6?
A.Objective.
B.Biased.
C.Negative.
D.Positive.
參考答案：A
答案解析：根據(jù)題干定位至第7段。題目問以下哪個(gè)形容詞最能描述作者對第6段中論點(diǎn)的態(tài)度。第7段第一句說“事實(shí)上，這兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)都是正確的”，并分別給出了理由，可見作者對待事情客觀的態(tài)度，故選A項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)為“有偏見的”；C項(xiàng)為“否定的”；D項(xiàng)為“肯定的”。答案為A。
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