Declining house prices, rising job layoffs, skyrocketing oil costs and a major credit crunch have
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Interestingly, restraining our consumer spending, in the short term, may cause us to actually loosen the belts around our waists. What’s the connection? The brain has a limited capacity for self-regulation, so exerting willpower in one area often leads to backsliding in others. The good news, however, is that practice increases willpower capacity, so that in the long run, buying less now may improve our ability to achieve future goals like losing those 10 pounds we gained when we weren't out shopping.
The brain’s store of willpower is depleted when people control their thoughts, feelings or impulses, or when they modify their behaviors in pursuit of goals. Psychologist Roy Baumeister and others have found that people who successfully accomplish one task requiring self-control are less persistent on a second, seemingly unrelated task.
In one pioneering study, some people were asked to eat radishes while others received freshly baked chocolate chip cookies before trying to solve an impossible puzzle. The radish-eaters abandoned the puzzle in eight minutes on average，working less than half as long as people who got cookies or those who were excused from eating radishes. Similarly, people who were asked to circle every “e” on a page of text then showed less persistence in watching a video of an unchanging table and wall.
Other activities that deplete willpower include resisting food or drink, suppressing emotional responses, restraining aggressive or sexual impulses, taking exams and trying to impress someone. Task persistence is also reduced when people are stressed or tired from exertion or lack of sleep.
What limits willpower? Some have suggested that it is blood sugar, which brain cells use as their main energy source and cannot do without for even a few minutes. Most cognitive functions are unaffected by minor blood sugar fluctuations over the course of a day,but planning and self-control are sensitive to such small changes. Exerting self-control lowers blood sugar, which reduces the capacity for further self-control. People who drink a glass of lemonade between completing one task requiring self-control and beginning a second one perform equally well on both tasks, while people who drink sugarless diet lemonade make more errors on the second task than on the first. Foods that persistently elevate blood sugar,like those containing protein or complex carbohydrates, might enhance willpower for longer periods.
In the short term, you should spend your limited willpower budget wisely. It can be counterproductive to work toward multiple goals at the same time if your willpower cannot cover all the efforts that are required. Concentrating your effort on one or, at most, a few goals at a time increases the odds of success.
Focusing on success is important because willpower can grow in the long term. Like a muscle, willpower seems to become stronger with use. The idea of exercising willpower is seen in military boot camp, where recruits are trained to overcome one challenge after another.
No one knows why willpower can grow with practice, but consistently doing any activity that requires self-control seems to increase willpower and the ability to resist impulses and delay gratification is highly associated with success in life.
單選題第1題We can learn from the first two paragraphs that____ .
A.people have lost confidence in recession
B.willpower can be enhanced by self-regulation
C.strong willpower is needed to tighten the belts
D.recession causes people to restrain their spending
參考答案：D
答案解析：推斷題。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)定位原文仔細(xì)比對(duì)后，只有D與第1段2句意義相符，即在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的背景下，許多美國(guó)家庭準(zhǔn)備勒緊褲腰帶。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在這兩段中并未提及或直接闡明。故D符合題意，為正確答案。
單選題第2題Which factor plays an essential role in restraining the desire to consume and losing weight?
A.Controlling impulses.
B.Modifying behaviors.
C.Tightening belts.
D.Increasing willpower capacity.
參考答案：D
答案解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第2段第4句，實(shí)踐有助于增強(qiáng)意志力，因此從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，控制消費(fèi)支出可以提高實(shí)現(xiàn)未來目標(biāo)的能力比如減肥。由此可見，無論是減少開支還是減肥，最重要的還是靠意志力去實(shí)現(xiàn)，故選D (增強(qiáng)意志力)。
單選題第3題When people achieve their goals with self-control, they will ____.
A.have less willpower to accomplish another
B.become more aggressive and persistent
C.become less sensitive to their feelings
D.adjust their goals in a proper way
參考答案：A
答案解析：推斷題。第3段第2句揭示了心理學(xué)家Roy Baumeister的發(fā)現(xiàn)：當(dāng)人們憑借自我控制完成一項(xiàng)任務(wù)后，他們?cè)趹?yīng)對(duì)下一項(xiàng)似乎無關(guān)的任務(wù)時(shí)，其堅(jiān)持性會(huì)減弱。故選A(完成另外一項(xiàng)任務(wù)時(shí)意志力會(huì)減弱)。
單選題第4題From Paragraph 4, we can know that____ .
A.radish-eaters are less persistent than cookie-eaters
B.cookie-eaters are encouraged to solve the puzzle
C.people are less persistent when asked to watch a video
D.people’s poor performance is attributed to hunger
參考答案：A
答案解析：推斷題。按選項(xiàng)定位第4段可知，radish-eaters和cookie-eaters均參與了智力游戲，由此可以排除B。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果是，前者8分鐘內(nèi)放棄了游戲，比后者少了一半時(shí)間，說明前者的堅(jiān)持性不如后者，A符合題意，故為正確答案。D未提及，C少了前提條件，即之前己經(jīng)完成了一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
單選題第5題Various activities are mentioned in the passage to illustrate ___.
A.the symptom of willpower deficiency
B.the source of people's energy
C.the factors affecting willpower
D.the importance of persistence
參考答案：C
答案解析：推斷題。通過語篇分析可知，第4段和第5段所提及的活動(dòng)實(shí)際上是實(shí)例，用以支持第3段提出的觀點(diǎn)，即當(dāng)人們控制思想、情感或沖動(dòng)時(shí)，或是為了追求目標(biāo)而改變行為時(shí)，大腦中的意志力儲(chǔ)存量會(huì)減少。由此可知正確答案為C(影響意志力的諸多因素)。A為強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，但以上活動(dòng)并非意志力缺乏的表現(xiàn)，而是其原因，故不符合題意。
單選題第6題Changes in the level of one’s blood sugar____ .
A.tend to have a great impact cm one’s emotional responses
B.underline the brain’s interaction with its social environment
C.cause brain cells to sustain cognitive functions
D.are more likely to be greater when the brain triggers willpower
參考答案：D
答案解析：推斷題。本題的關(guān)鍵在于厘清血糖水平的變化4意志力強(qiáng)弱之間的關(guān)系。第6段對(duì)此做了詳細(xì)解釋：實(shí)施自我控制會(huì)降低血糖水平，血糖水平的降低會(huì)進(jìn)一步削弱自我控制能力，換言之，消耗意志力會(huì)降低血糖水平，補(bǔ)充血糖有助于意志力的加強(qiáng)。故選D (當(dāng)大腦激發(fā)意志力時(shí)，血糖水平的變化可能會(huì)更大)。
單選題第7題The word “odds” underlined in Paragraph 7 is a synonym of____.
A.likelihood
B.strength
C.mood
D.potency
參考答案：A
答案解析：語義題。根據(jù)上下文，可推出odds意為“可能性，概率”，故選A (可能性)。
單選題第8題The phrase ''military boot camp” underlined in Paragraph 8 tends to ____.
A.prove that exercising willpower to overcome challenges pays off
B.show how willpower grows when individuals surmount difficulties
C.state that military training is a valuable means of attaining group goals
D.explain how exercise leads to stronger muscles as well as greater willpower
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。第8段第2句表明，意志力與肌肉一樣，需要通過鍛煉得以強(qiáng)化。第3句通過舉例說明這一道理，即軍事訓(xùn)練營(yíng)中的受訓(xùn)者通過戰(zhàn)勝挑戰(zhàn)來強(qiáng)化意志力。故選B (表明個(gè)人如何通過戰(zhàn)勝困難以增強(qiáng)意志力)。A (證明鍛煉意志力以戰(zhàn)勝挑戰(zhàn)是值得的)和D (解釋鍛煉如何使人獲得更強(qiáng)壯的肌肉以及更強(qiáng)大的意志力)與原文語意略有出入，原文未提及attaining group goals，故C也不符合題意。
單選題第9題The word “gratification” underlined in Paragraph 9 means___ .
A.reacting to an impulse
B.satisfying a desire
C.taking a desirable action
D.exercising self-control
參考答案：B
答案解析：語義題。gratification意為“滿足，滿意”，故選B (滿足愿望)。
單選題第10題What is the appropriate title of the passage?
A.Working Mechanism and Willpower Training
B.Strategies to Exert Limited Willpower Wisely
C.Relationship Between Willpower and Tasks
D.Importance of Persistence and Willpower
參考答案：A
答案解析：主旨題。此類題型可采用相關(guān)性和全面性兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來選擇正確答案。縱觀全文，作者主要闡述了兩點(diǎn)：與意志力相關(guān)的因素，如血糖水平、食物、自我控制等;如何通過鍛煉加強(qiáng)意志力。把本題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與這兩點(diǎn)相比之后，可知最相關(guān)和全面的標(biāo)題為A (機(jī)制原理及意志力訓(xùn)練)。B、C、D均只涉及一個(gè)方面，不夠全面，故不符合題意。
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