Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification
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By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley had developed virtually all of our modem methods of administering drugs. They used gargles, inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.
The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers papyrus, a scroll dating from the 1900 B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today as antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol.The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The "chief of the preparers of drugs" was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the"collectors of drugs," field workers who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The "preparers"aides,"(technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the "preparers." And the "conservator of drugs" oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb and animal-organ ingredients were kept.
By the 7th century B.C., the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They believed the physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical (body) causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural (mind) components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health,even if the suspected "mental" causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression, but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.
The modem era of pharmacology began in the 16th century, ushered in by the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine. Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before superstition was displaced by scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians, unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error. Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest were developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticated additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds.
單選題第1題The author cites the Greek word "pharmakon" underlined in Paragraph 1 to______.
A.stress the mental and physical causes of disease
B.emphasize the early nature of Greek medical science
C.point out that many of the beliefs of early man are still held today
D.illustrate that early man thought healing illness was linked to purification
參考答案：D
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識(shí)別。第一段第一句 “early man viewed illness as divine punishment and
healing as purification” 提出一個(gè)過(guò)去的觀念，然后解釋道 “pharmakon，meaning
‘purification through purging’ ”，所以pharmakon是用來(lái)舉例說(shuō)明上述觀點(diǎn)的，故選D。
單選題第2題It is possible to identify a number of early Sumerian drugs because______.
A.a European pharmacopoeia contained detailed recipes for ancient drugs
B.a list of drugs was written by an unknown Sumerian physician
C.the ancient Egyptians adopted the same medications
D.Sumerian religious books explained many drug-making techniques
參考答案：B
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識(shí)別。第二段第一句“早在公元前3500年，幼發(fā)拉底河-底格里斯河流域的
蘇美爾人就己經(jīng)研發(fā)出現(xiàn)代的幾乎所有的用藥方法”為主題句，然后“the first drug
catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physicianw”進(jìn)行證明，故選B。
單選題第3題According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is a similarity between ancient
Sumerian drugs and modem drugs?
A.Like modem drugs, ancient Sumerian drugs were used for both mental and physical diseases.
B.Both Sumerian drugs and modern drugs are products of complicated chemical research.
C.The way patients could take drugs is the same.
D.The ancient Sumerian drugs were made of the same chemicals as the modem drugs.
參考答案：C
答案解析：論點(diǎn)概括。第二段第一句話 “By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates
Valley had developed virtually all of our modem methods of administering drugs” 為主題
句，即整個(gè)段落的要點(diǎn)，其余部分都是圍繞整個(gè)論點(diǎn)展開(kāi)論述、論證的。本題考查讀
者對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞methods和administering drugs的理解，即“用藥方法”，故選C。
單選題第4題Which of the following is NOT cited as a characteristic of ancient Egyptian medicine?
A.The use of trial and error.
B.A workplace hierarchy.
C.Animal-organ ingredients.
D.Ointments.
參考答案：D
答案解析：錯(cuò)誤排除。古埃及人用藥出現(xiàn)在第三段。根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知，只有ointments沒(méi)有
提到，它出現(xiàn)在第二段，是蘇美爾人的藥物。
[知識(shí)拓展]錯(cuò)誤排除屬于正誤判斷的一種，需要一一查對(duì)原文，根據(jù)原文把提到的選
項(xiàng)一一排除，剩下的就是需要的答案。這類題只需兩步即可：在文章中準(zhǔn)確定位問(wèn)題
提到的內(nèi)容；根據(jù)原文一一排除選項(xiàng)。
單選題第5題The 7th-century Greeks view of medicine differed from that of the Sumerians as the Greeks______.
A.developed most of the preparations of modem drugs
B.established a hierarchy for the preparation of drugs
C.adopted both the mental and physical root causes of illness
D.discovered more advanced chemical applications of drugs
參考答案：C
答案解析：比較判斷。希臘人的醫(yī)學(xué)觀念出現(xiàn)在第四段。本段第一句“the Greeks had
adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine” 是主題句，己經(jīng)點(diǎn)明 了其不同于他
者的特點(diǎn)，其關(guān)鍵詞為mind-body view。為了證明這一點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)的“They believed
the physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of …physical …supernatural” 進(jìn)斗亍
了詳細(xì)的闡述，即從生理、心理兩個(gè)渠道尋找病源。
單選題第6題The word "holistic" underlined in Paragraph 4 means______.
A.modem
B.comprehensive
C.psychological
D.logical
參考答案：B
答案解析：詞義界定。假設(shè)holistic為生詞，需要從語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷詞義。根據(jù)“Thus，the early
Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health …”中的 Thus 可
知，本句與前一句存在因果關(guān)系。再看前一句發(fā)現(xiàn)，早期希臘人是從physical （body）
和supernatural （mind）兩方面判斷病因的，因此holistic大意為全面的、整體的、綜合
的，故選B。
單選題第7題What does the word "pathogens" underlined in Paragraph 5 mean?
A.Disorders.
B.Viruses.
C.Antibiotics.
D.Injections.
參考答案：B
答案解析：詞義界定。醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯對(duì)于普通讀者而言都比較陌生。要猜測(cè)pathogen的詞義，
有兩個(gè)方法：構(gòu)詞規(guī)律和語(yǔ)境。從構(gòu)詞來(lái)看，前綴patho-意思是疾病，后綴-gen意
思是出生，生殖。前后綴合起來(lái)的意思是生病的根源，即病原體，病菌。如果讀者不
懂得這種構(gòu)詞猜詞法，還可以依賴語(yǔ)境。本段第二句提到現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)之所以發(fā)達(dá)是因?yàn)?
了解了化學(xué)藥品（俗稱西藥）在體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的效果，而這樣的發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)，換言
之，以前的醫(yī)生不懂得致病的（disease-causing）真正根源（pathogens）。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)
中，只有B （病毒）符合語(yǔ)境意義，因此是正確選項(xiàng)。
單選題第8題In the last paragraph, the author makes the observation about scientific discovery that______
A.chance events have led to the discovery of many modem drugs
B.trial and error is the best way to scientific discovery
C.most of the important discoveries have been made inattentively
D.many cures for common diseases have yet to be discovered
參考答案：A
答案解析：語(yǔ)義推理。題干問(wèn)的是作者對(duì)于科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的看法，而最后一段最后一句的總結(jié)是
a despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticated additions to
our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds”，其中關(guān)鍵詞為 accidental finds，即意
外發(fā)現(xiàn)，這與選項(xiàng)A中的chance events的語(yǔ)義相一致，因此答案為A。
單選題第9題The passage indicates that advances in medical science during the modern era of pharmacology might have been delayed by______.
A.an inaccuracy in pharmacy preparation
B.a lack of good understanding of the origins of diseases
C.an overemphasis on the mental causes of diseases
D.a shortage of chemical treatment of disease
參考答案：B
答案解析：歸因推理。題干問(wèn)的是醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步遲緩的原因�，F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步出現(xiàn)在最后一段，
根據(jù) “Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before
superstition was displaced by scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians, unaware
of the existence of disease-causing pathogens, continued to dream up imaginary causative
evils”可知，導(dǎo)致醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步緩慢的主要原因之一是醫(yī)生沒(méi)有意識(shí)到存在致病的病原體
（pathogens），即選項(xiàng) B 所說(shuō)的 the origins of diseases。
單選題第10題Which of the following can be the title of the passage?
A.The Greek Medical History
B.The Egyptian Pharmacological History
C.The Origin of Medicine
D.Development of Modem Medication
參考答案：C
答案解析：補(bǔ)充標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題一般用來(lái)標(biāo)明文章、作品等的內(nèi)容，目的是使讀者了解到文章
的主要內(nèi)容和主旨�；仡櫾母鞫温浒l(fā)現(xiàn)：第一段講早期人類對(duì)疾病的認(rèn)識(shí)；第二段
是蘇美爾人公元前3500年的用藥成就；第三段可追溯到公元前1900年的古埃及人的藥
典及醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步；第四段是公元七世紀(jì)希臘的醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步；第五段為現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)大發(fā)展及局
限。從年代可以看出，本文的主要內(nèi)容是醫(yī)學(xué)史，所以只有C符合要旨。
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