About two-thirds of the world's population is expected to live in cities by the
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Although many of us may feel air-conditioners bring relief from hot, humid or polluted outside air, they pose many potential health hazards.Much research has looked at how the circulation of air inside a closed environment such as an office building can spread disease or expose occupants to harmful chemicals.
One of the more widely publicized dangers is that of Legionnaire's disease, which was first recognized in the 1970s.This was found to have affected people in buildings with air-conditioning systems in which warm air pumped out of the system^ cooling towers was somehow sucked back into the air intake, in most cases due to poor design.This warm air was, needless to say, the perfect environment for the rapid growth of disease-carrying bacteria originating from outside the building, where it existed in harmless quantities.The warm, bacteria-laden air was combined with cooled, conditioned air and was then circulated around various parts of the building.Studies showed that even people outside such buildings were at risk if they walked past air exhaust ducts.Cases of Legionnaire's disease are becoming fewer with newer system designs and modifications to older systems, but many older buildings, particularly in developing countries, require constant monitoring.
The ways in which air-conditioners work to “clean” the air can inadvertently cause health problems, too.One such way is with the use of an electrostatic precipitator, which removes dust and smoke particles from the air.What precipitators also do, however, is to emit large quantities of positive air ions into the ventilation system.A growing number of studies show that overexposure to positive air ions can result in headaches, fatigue and feelings of irritation.
Large air-conditioning systems add water to the air they circulate by means of humidifiers.In older systems, the water used for this process is kept in special reservoirs, the bottoms of which provide breeding grounds for bacteria and fungi which can find their way into the ventilation system.The risk to human health from this situation has been highlighted by the fact that the immune systems of approximately half of workers in air-conditioned office buildings have developed antibodies to fight off the organisms found at the bottom of system reservoirs.Chemical disinfectants，called “biocides”，that are added to reservoirs to make them germ-free, are dangerous in their own right in sufficient quantities, as they often contain compounds such as pentachlorophenol, which is strongly linked to abdominal cancers.
Finally, it should be pointed out that the artificial climatic environment created by air-conditioners can also adversely affect us.In a natural environment, whether indoor or outdoor, there are small variations in temperature and humidity.Indeed, the human body has long been accustomed to these normal changes.In an air-conditioned living or work environment, however, body temperatures remain well under 37°C, our normal temperature.This leads to a weakened immune system and thus greater susceptibility to diseases such as colds and flu.
單選題第1題________are NOT the feature of urbanization, according to the passage.
A.Artificial systems
B.High buildings
C.More city dwellers
D.Big shopping centers
參考答案：A
答案解析：錯誤排除。第一段歷數(shù)了都市化（urbanization）的特征，但在段末提到了另一個話題 “These structures depend on artificial ventilation systems”，即都市化后的城市依賴人工通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，因此選項(xiàng)A不屬于同一類事物。
單選題第2題The word “hazards” underlined in Paragraph 2 means________.
A.cases
B.incidents
C.diseases
D.risks
參考答案：D
答案解析：詞義界定。hazards出現(xiàn)在第二段段首“Although many of us may feel air-conditioners bring relief from hot， humid or polluted outside air, they pose many potential health hazards”，句內(nèi)為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，大意是盡管我們許多人覺得空調(diào)可以緩解室外濕熱或被污染的空氣，但它們也對健康構(gòu)成了許多潛在的……，前面指的是空調(diào)的好處，根據(jù)邏輯，后面的轉(zhuǎn)折必 然是壞處，因此選擇D。hazard本義為“危險，風(fēng)險”。
單選題第3題Bacteria came into a ventilation system when________.
A.cool air was sucked into it
B.warm air was sucked back
C.cool air was sucked back
D.warm air was sucked into it
參考答案：B
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識別。第三段 “warm air pumped out of the system's cooling towers was somehow sucked back into the air intake”提到了空調(diào)通風(fēng)時攜帶細(xì)菌的過程，而根據(jù)其中的 “warm air was the perfect environment for the rapid growth of disease-carrying bacteria”可知，排出空調(diào)冷卻塔的熱風(fēng)有時會被吸回進(jìn)氣口，而吸進(jìn)來的熱空氣是致病細(xì)菌完美的溫床。
單選題第4題The word “ducts” underlined in Paragraph 3 means________.
A.channels
B.buildings
C.rooms
D.structures
參考答案：A
答案解析：詞義界定。ducts 出現(xiàn)于第三段 “Studies showed that even people outside such buildings were at risk if they walked past air exhaust ducts”。前一句講的是排出的熱風(fēng)與外界致病菌結(jié)合后被回吸進(jìn)室內(nèi)，在室內(nèi)循環(huán)。這一句接著說有研究表明，甚至人路過這種排氣……時也處于威脅之中。因?yàn)閮删湓挾忌婕翱照{(diào)的進(jìn)氣和排氣裝置，因此選項(xiàng)A符合句意，即排氣管道。
單選題第5題The word “inadvertently” underlined in Paragraph 4 means________.
A.intentionally
B.accidentally
C.definitely
D.deliberately
參考答案：B
答案解析：詞義界定。第四段第一句 “The ways in which air-conditioners work to 'clean' the air can inadvertently cause health problems, too” 的大意是空調(diào)“清潔”空氣的工作方式……也會導(dǎo)致健康問題。從句意看，空調(diào)的目的與結(jié)果矛盾，初衷是好的，結(jié)果卻相反，因而畫線的副詞應(yīng)該表示“非故意地，意外地”，即選項(xiàng)B。A和D都表示“有意地，故意地”，C表示“確定地”，均可排除。
單選題第6題Which of the following substances CANNOT be found directly from an old ventilation
system?
A.Chemical disinfectants.
B.Bacteria.
C.Fungi.
D.Pentachlorophenol.
參考答案：D
答案解析：錯誤排除。第五段第二句開始提到老式空調(diào)排出的有害物質(zhì)，有儲罐里滋生的（breeding grounds） for bacteria and fungi （即選項(xiàng)B、C），和加入儲罐的 Chemical disinfectants（選項(xiàng)A），因此，可以確定選項(xiàng)D是需要的答案。
單選題第7題The word “adversely” underlined in Paragraph 6 means________.
A.contradictorily
B.negatively
C.eventually
D.audaciously
參考答案：B
答案解析：詞義界定。根據(jù)語境，adversely在句中的意義應(yīng)該是負(fù)面的，因?yàn)榍耙痪渲赋隽瞬缓玫挠绊懀揪?it should be pointed out that the artificial climatic environment created by air-conditioners can also adversely affect us”用了also，大意是必須指出，空調(diào)創(chuàng)造的人為氣候環(huán)境同樣會給我們帶來……影響�！巴瑯印币辉~顯然指向不好的影
響，因此選項(xiàng)B符合句意。
單選題第8題Which of the following is NOT true of the ill effect of air conditioning on the human body?
A.Much exposure may make people annoyed.
B.Harmful chemicals in the ventilation system may cause cancer.
C.Much exposure to low temperature may cause immune diseases.
D.People may suffer from headaches in an air-conditioned office.
參考答案：C
答案解析：錯誤排除。原文第六段最后提到人體長期處于低溫環(huán)境會引起免疫系統(tǒng)弱化（leads to a weakened immune system），因此選項(xiàng)C屬于錯誤，即本題答案。再逐項(xiàng)比對，選項(xiàng) A 和 D 出現(xiàn)在第四段末 “ overexposure to positive air ions can result in headaches,fatigue and feelings of irritation”。選項(xiàng) B 出現(xiàn)在第五段末 “as they often contain compounds such as pentachlorophenol，which is strongly linked to abdominal cancers”。
單選題第9題Flu and colds are caused mainly due to________.
A.bacteria
B.temperatures
C.chemicals
D.biocides
參考答案：B
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)識別。Flu and colds出現(xiàn)在第六段最后body temperatures remain well under 37°C, our normal temperature. This leads to a weakened immune system and thus greater susceptibility to diseases such as colds and flu”，即人體溫度長時間處在遠(yuǎn)低于人體正常溫度37°C的水平，導(dǎo)致免疫力下降，更易感染普通感冒和流感這樣的疾病。既然感冒類疾病多因低溫引起，那么選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。
單選題第10題The passage intends to________.
A.inform people of air-conditioning dangers
B.explain old air-conditioning defects
C.show the air-conditioning influence on peopled health
D.tell people the need to abandon old air-conditioning
參考答案：A
答案解析：作者意圖。回顧全文結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)：第一段有城鎮(zhèn)化引出城市人口激增，導(dǎo)致對通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的依賴；第二段馬上點(diǎn)明通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的危害；其余各段分別指出具體的危害兵團(tuán)病、正離子帶來的疾病、免疫抗體紊亂及癌癥、免疫力下降及感冒等�？傊�，本文重心是告知讀者空調(diào)帶來的危害，即選項(xiàng)A。
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