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That late July day, this town along the banks of the Kalamazoo River became the latest community affected by a ubiquitous class of compounds known as polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS.For years, calls for the federal government to regulate the chemicals have been unsuccessful, and last year the Trump administration tried to block publication of a study urging a much lower threshold of exposure.
The man-made chemicals have long been used in a wide range of consumer products, including nonstick cookware, water-repellent fabrics and grease-resistant paper products, as well as in firefighting foams.But exposures have been associated with an array of health problems, among them thyroid disease, weakened immunity，infertility risks and certain cancers.The compounds do not break down in the environment.
In Parchment，where they were once used by a long-shuttered paper mill，tests found PFAS levels in the water system in excess of 1,500 parts per trillion more than 20 times the Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended lifetime exposure limit of 70 parts per trillion.Local officials promptly alerted residents.Michigan officials declared a state of emergency.People started picking up free cases of bottled water at the high school.Within weeks, the town abandoned the municipal wells that had served 3,000 people and began getting water from nearby Kalamazoo.“This is not a problem you can run away from，” said Parchment resident Tammy Cooper，who has become an outspoken advocate for better regulation.“There are Parchments across the country.”
Harvard University researchers say public drinking-water supplies serving more than 6 million Americans have tested for the chemicals at or above the EPA’s threshold which many experts argue should be far lower to safeguard public health.The level is only an agency guideline; the federal government does not regulate PFAS.The compounds' presence has rattled communities from Hoosick Falls, N.Y., to Tucson.They have been particularly prevalent on or near military bases, which have long used PFAS-laden foams in training exercises.
Both houses of Congress held hearings on the problem last year, and lawmakers introduced bills to compel the government to test for PFAS chemicals nationwide and to respond wherever water and soil polluted by them are found.In late November, the head of the EPA vowed that the agency would soon unveil a “national strategy” to address the situation.Affected communities are still waiting.“There are some very real human impacts from this stuff，” said Erik Olson, a drinking-water expert for the Natural Resources Defense Council.“Most people have no idea they are being exposed.”
Michigan is one of the few states where officials are trying to determine the extent of PFAS contamination.Health officials undertook statewide tests this year across 1,380 public water supplies and at more than 400 schools that operate their own wells.“When we look for it, we tend to find it，” said Eden Wells, the state's chief medical executive.Yet detection raises difficult questions, given the lack of regulation involving PFAS in water and the evolving research on its long-term health effects.“Many of our responses are outstripping the scientific knowledge we need,” Wells said.
More is known about two particular types of the chemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） and perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA）, which companies phased out years ago amid growing evidence that both were ending up in the blood of nearly every American.But thousands of other PFAS chemicals remain in use among the many threats, including arsenic and lead, to drinking water nationwide.
單選題第1題The phrase ''fretted over,9 underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably means______.
A.moved over
B.worried about
C.talked about
D.thought over
參考答案：B
答案解析：語義題。fret over意為“擔(dān)憂”，故正確答案為B。
單選題第2題According to Paragraph 2, last year the Trump administration______.
A.tried to regulate the chemicals
B.failed to regulate the chemicals
C.tried to cover the truth about the chemicals
D.tried to support publication of a study urging a much lower threshold of exposure
參考答案：C
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第2段最后一句。分析語意可知，特朗普政府試圖阻止一項(xiàng)研究的發(fā)表，該研究敦促將PFAS接觸量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)降低，故正確答案為C （試圖掩蓋有關(guān)PFAS化學(xué)物質(zhì)的真相）。
單選題第3題Exposures to the man-made chemicals have been associated with the following health problems EXCEPT______.
A.inability to get pregnant
B.cancers
C.destruction of immune system
D.thyroid disease
參考答案：C
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位第3段第1句，第2句提到了與之相關(guān)的健康問題，與選項(xiàng)對(duì)比后可知C與原文（免疫力下降）不符，故正確答案為C（免疫系統(tǒng) 毀壞）。
單選題第4題In the sentence “There are Parchments across the country.” underlined in Paragraph 4,the author uses the rhetorical device termed______.
A.personification
B.metaphor
C.simile
D.hyperbole
參考答案：B
答案解析：修辭題。Parchments指代與Parchment遭遇相同的其他地方，故正確答案為B （暗喻）。
單選題第5題The word “rattled” underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably means______.
A.involved
B.devastated
C.concerned
D.panicked
參考答案：D
答案解析：語義題。rattle意為“使恐懼”，故D為正確答案。
單選題第6題Which of the following statements is NOT true of PFAS?
A.It is a ubiquitous class of compounds.
B.Its minimum level of lifetime exposure set by EPA is 70 parts per trillion.
C.It is not regulated by the federal government.
D.It affects more than 6 million Americans.
參考答案：D
答案解析：推斷題。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)定位第4、5段，仔細(xì)比對(duì)后可知D與原文不符，因?yàn)樵?提到“涉及600萬美國人的飲用水得到檢測(cè)”，而非受PFAS影響，故正確答案為D。
單選題第7題The author's attitude toward EPA seems to be ______.
A.confident
B.supportive
C.doubtful
D.objective
參考答案：C
答案解析：態(tài)度題。第6段第2句提到美國環(huán)保署署長發(fā)誓會(huì)很快出臺(tái)“國家戰(zhàn)略”， 但許多受感染的社區(qū)仍在等待，其中的雙引號(hào)是對(duì)這種承諾的懷疑和諷刺，故正確答案為C。
單選題第8題The last sentence of Paragraph 7 implies that______.
A.health officials are trying to detect PFAS with the needed scientific knowledge
B.health officials are trying to look for the scientific knowledge they need
C.research on PFAS is not sufficient enough for what health officials are trying to do
D.regulation involving PFAS is not sufficient enough for what health officials are trying to do
參考答案：C
答案解析：推斷題。根據(jù)語篇邏輯，此句是對(duì)前句的具體說明，即目前檢測(cè)工作面臨 困難，原因有二：缺乏對(duì)飲用水中PFAS含量的監(jiān)管；缺乏有關(guān)PFAS對(duì)健康產(chǎn) 生長期影響的研究。此句字面意思為“我們的許多反應(yīng)勝過我們所需的科學(xué)知 識(shí)”，科學(xué)知識(shí)是研究得來的，此句的隱含意義就是“研究不足，無法滿足我們 的行動(dòng)”，故正確答案為C。
單選題第9題From the last paragraph, we learn that PFOS and PFOA______.
A.are known by more people
B.are not PFAS chemicals
C.are no longer in use
D.are found in the blood of nearly every American
參考答案：C
答案解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位最后一段，根據(jù)定語從句的語義可知：數(shù)年前各公司便己停止使用這兩種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，故C為正確答案。
單選題第10題The main idea of the passage is______ .
A.PFAS is giving rise to growing concerns nationwide
B.the federal government should do more to regulate PFAS
C.PFAS is posing threats to drinking water nationwide
D.PFAS should be banned by the federal government
參考答案：B
答案解析：主旨題。本文主要講述了PFAS可能帶來的健康危害以及聯(lián)邦政府對(duì)此問題 的重視不足，作者借此呼吁政府采取管控措施，故正確答案為B。
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