AlphaZero seems to express insight.It plays like no computer ever has, intuitively and beautifully
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Yet this peculiar retreat was venomous: No matter how Stockfish replied, it was doomed.It was almost as if AlphaZero was waiting for Stockfish to realize, after billions of brutish calculations, how hopeless its position truly was, so that the beast could relax and expire peacefully, like a vanquished bull before a matador.Grandmasters had never seen anything like it.AlphaZero had the finesse of a virtuoso and the power of a machine.It was humankind's first glimpse of an awesome new kind of intelligence.
When AlphaZero was first unveiled, some observers complained that Stockfish had been lobotomized by not giving it access to its book of memorized openings.This time around, even with its book, it got crushed again.And when AlphaZero handicapped itself by giving Stockfish ten times more time to think, it still destroyed the brute.Tellingly, AlphaZero won by thinking smarter, not faster; it examined only 60 thousand positions a second, compared to 60 million for Stockfish.It was wiser, knowing what to think about and what to ignore.By discovering the principles of chess on its own, AlphaZero developed a style of play that “reflects the truth” about the game rather than “the priorities and prejudices of programmers，” Mr.Kasparov wrote in a commentary accompanying the Science article.
The question now is whether machine learning can help humans discover similar truths about the things we really care about: the great unsolved problems of science and medicine, such as cancer and consciousness; the riddles of the immune system, the mysteries of the genome.
The early signs are encouraging.Last August, two articles in Nature Medicine explored how machine learning could be applied to medical diagnosis.In one, researchers at DeepMind teamed up with clinicians at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London to develop a deep-learning algorithm that could classify a wide range of retinal pathologies as accurately as human experts can.(Ophthalmology suffers from a severe shortage of experts who can interpret the millions of diagnostic eye scans performed each year; artificially intelligent assistants could help enormously.)
The other article concerned a machine-learning algorithm that decides whether a CT scan of an emergency-room patient shows signs of a stroke, an intracranial hemorrhage or other critical neurological event.For stroke victims, every minute matters; the longer treatment is delayed, the worse the outcome tends to be.(Neurologists have a grim saying: “Time is brain.”）The new algorithm flagged these and other critical events with an accuracy comparable to human experts 一 but it did so 150 times faster.A faster diagnostician could allow the most urgent cases to be triaged sooner, with review by a human radiologist.
What is frustrating about machine learning, however, is that the algorithms can't articulate what they're thinking.We don't know why they work, so we don't know if they can be trusted.AlphaZero gives every appearance of having discovered some important
principles about chess, but it can't share that understanding with us.Not yet, at least.As human beings, we want more than answers.We want insight.This is going to be a source of tension in our interactions with computers from now on.
In fact, in mathematics, it's been happening for years already.Consider the longstanding math problem called the four-color map theorem.It proposes that, under certain reasonable constraints, any map of contiguous countries can always be colored with just four colors such that no two neighboring countries are colored the same.
Although the four-color theorem was proved in 1977 with the help of a computer, no human could check all the steps in the argument.Since then, the proof has been validated and simplified, but there are still parts of it that entail brute-force computation, of the kind employed by AlphaZero’s chess-playing computer ancestors.This development annoyed many mathematicians.They didn’t need to be reassured that the four-color theorem was true; they already believed it.They wanted to understand why it was true, and this proof didn't help.
單選題第1題From the first paragraph we can infer that______ .
A.Stockfish is a human world champion on chess
B.Stockfish is a computer software on chess
C.AlphaZero has won 10 games
D.AlphaZero does not play like a computer
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第1段可知，AlphaZero是一款計算機軟件，而文中也用it指 代Stockfish，可見也是計算機軟件，故正確答案為B。
單選題第2題In the clause “so that the beast could relax and expire peacefully”，the author uses the
rhetorical device termed______.
A.simile
B.personification
C.metaphor
D.exaggeration
參考答案：C
答案解析：修辭題。根據(jù)上下文可知，此處beast指代Stockfish,因此運用的修辭手法 為暗喻，故正確答案為C。
單選題第3題The word “virtuoso” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably means______.
A.master
B.singer
C.architect
D.designer
參考答案：A
答案解析：語義題。virtuoso意為“藝術(shù)大師”，故正確答案為A （大師）。
單選題第4題According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements was NOT true of AlphaZero in comparison with Stockfish?
A.When AlphaZero was first launched, Stockfish did not have its book.
B.Even with its book, Stockfish was still defeated by AlphaZero.
C.AlphaZero defeated Stockfish because it was cleverer and faster.
D.AlphaZero worked out the principles of chess while Stockfish followed the priorities and prejudices of programmers.
參考答案：C
答案解析：推斷題。根據(jù)選項定位原文，仔細比對后可知C與原文不符，因原文表明 Stockfish的運算速度快于AlphaZero,故正確答案為C。
單選題第5題The word “algorithm” underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably means______.
A.computer program
B.medical treament
C.scientific diagnosis
D.mathematical device
參考答案：A
答案解析：語義題。algorithm意為“運算法則，計算程序”，故A為正確答案。
單選題第6題In Paragraph 6, by saying: “Time is brain.''，neurologists imply that for stroke victims______
A.time is as important as brain
B.time plays the most important role
C.time is more important than brain
D.time can save brain
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。此句是針對中風(fēng)病人治療特點的描述，即治療越及時，獲救的機 會越大。因此，時間至關(guān)重要，故正確答案為B。
單選題第7題According to Paragraph 6, which of the following statements is NOT true of the new algorithm?
A.It could diagnose neurological events as accurately as human experts.
B.It could diagnose neurological events faster than human experts.
C.It could allow the most urgent cases to be triaged sooner.
D.It could allow review by a human radiologist.
參考答案：D
答案解析：推斷題。根據(jù)選項定位第6段，仔細比對后可知D與原文不符，因為原文 with review by a human radiologist并未限定執(zhí)行者為algorithm，故正確答案為D。
單選題第8題In Paragraph 8, the four-color map theorem is mentioned to show that______.
A.the theorem was already proved
B.humans cannot solve such problems
C.the algorithms can't tell us what they are thinking
D.the computer is of great help in solving such problems
參考答案：C
答案解析：推斷題。根據(jù)語篇邏輯，此處舉例的目的是為了證明前文提到的觀點，即 the algorithms can't articulate what they're thinking （程序無法說明其工作思路），故 正確答案為C。
單選題第9題The best title for the passage is______.
A.AlphaZero and Stockfish
B.AlphaZero: the Best Machine in the World
C.AlphaZero and Machine Learning
D.Machine Learning: Merits and Demerits
參考答案：D
答案解析：主旨題。本文以AlphaZero與Stockfish之間的對弈為切入點，引出機器學(xué)習(xí) 這一主題，闡述了其優(yōu)勢與不足。根據(jù)相關(guān)性和全面性的原則，D為最 佳題目。
單選題第10題The overall tone of the passage is______
A.subjective
B.objective
C.indifferent
D.optimistic
參考答案：B
答案解析：態(tài)度題。作者既肯定了機器學(xué)習(xí)的長處，也指出了其不足，故正確答案為B （客觀的）。
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