Chronobiology might sound a little futuristic like something from a science
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This can take many forms. Marine life, for example, is influenced by tidal patterns.Animals tend to be active or inactive depending on the position of the sun or moon.Numerous creatures, humans included, are largely diurnalthat is, they like to come out during the hours of sunlight. Nocturnal animals, such as bats and possums, prefer to forage by night. A third group are known as crepuscular: they thrive in the low- light of dawn and dusk and remain inactive at other hours.
When it comes to humans, chrono-biologists are interested in what is known as the circadian rhythm. This is the complete cycle our bodies are naturally geared to undergo within the passage of a twenty-four-hour day. Aside from sleeping at night and waking during the day, each cycle involves many other factors such as changes in blood pressure and body temperature. Not everyone has an identical circadian rhythm. ‘Night people’, for example, often describe how they find it very hard to operate during the morning, but become alert and focused by evening. This is a benign variation within circadian rhythms known as a chronotype.
Scientists have limited abilities to create durable modifications of chronobiological demands. Recent therapeutic developments for humans such as artificial light machines and melatonin administration can reset our circadian rhythms, for example, but our bodies can tell the difference and health suffers when we breach these natural rhythms for extended periods of time. Plants appear no more malleable in this respect; studies demonstrate that vegetables grown in season and ripened on the tree are far higher in essential nutrients than those grown in greenhouses and ripened by laser.
Knowledge of chronobiological patterns can have many pragmatic implications for our day-to-day lives. While contemporary living can sometimes appear to subjugate biology after all, who needs circadian rhythms when we have caffeine pills, energy drinks, shift work and cities that never sleep? keeping in synch with our body clock is important.
The average urban resident, for example, rouses at the eye-blearing time of 6.04 a.m.,which researchers believe to be far too early. One study found that even rising at 7.00 a.m. has deleterious effects on health unless exercise is performed for 30 minutes afterward.The optimum moment has been whittled down to 7.22 a.m.; muscle aches, headaches and moodiness were reported to be lowest by participants in the study who awoke then.
Once you’re up and ready to go, what then? If you’re trying to shed some extra pounds, dieticians are adamant: never skip breakfast. This disorients your circadian rhythm and puts your body in starvation mode. The recommended course of action is to follow an intense workout with a carbohydrate-rich breakfast; the other way round and weight loss results are not as pronounced.
Morning is also great for breaking out the vitamins. Supplement absorption by the body is not temporal-dependent, but naturopath Pam Stone notes that the extra boost at breakfast helps us get energized for the day ahead. For improved absorption, Stone suggests pairing supplements with a food in which they are soluble and steering clear of caffeinated beverages. Finally, Stone warns to take care with storage; high potency is best for absorption, and warmth and humidity are known to deplete the potency of a supplement.
After-dinner espressos are becoming more of a tradition we have the Italians to thank for that but to prepare for a good night’s sleep we are better off putting the brakes on caffeine consumption as early as 3 p.m. With a seven-hour half-life, a cup of coffee containing 90 mg of caffeine taken at this hour could still leave 45 mg of caffeine in your nervous system at ten o’clock that evening. It is essential that, by the time you are ready to sleep, your body is rid of all traces.
Evenings are important for winding down before sleep; however, dietician Geraldine Georgeou warns that an after-five carbohydrate-fast is more cultural myth than chronobiological demand. This will deprive your body of vital energy needs. Overloading your gut could lead to indigestion, though. Our digestive tracts do not shut down for the night entirely, but their work slows to a crawl as our bodies prepare for sleep. Consuming a modest snack should be entirely sufficient.
單選題第1題According to this essay, humans are .
A.nocturnal
B.crepuscular
C.diurnal
D.perennial
參考答案：C
答案解析：根據(jù)文中第2段 “Numerous creatures, humans included, are largely diurnal”可知，C為正確答案。nocturnal意為“夜間活動的”；crepuscular意為“黃昏（或黎明）活動的”；diurnal意為“日間活動的”；perennial表示“長期的、永久的”。答案為C。
單選題第2題The underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph2means .
A.active at night
B.active in twilight
C.active during the day
D.continually occurring
參考答案：A
答案解析：根據(jù)文中第2段 “Nocturnal animals, such as bats and possums”，可以推斷出nocturnal是在夜間活動的意思，因此答案為A。
單選題第3題Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.Chronobiology is the study of how living things have evolved over time.
B.The rise and fall of sea levels affects how sea creatures behave.
C.Circadian rhythms identify how we do different things on different days.
D.New therapies can permanently change circadian rhythms without causing harm.
參考答案：B
答案解析：根據(jù)原文第2段中的“Marine life, for example, is influenced by tidal patterns”可知，B項正確。根據(jù)第1段可知 Chronobiology is the study about “short-term rhythms of time and their effect on flora and fauna”，故A項錯誤；根據(jù)第3段“（…circadian rhythm.) This is the complete cycle our bodies are naturally geared to undergo within the passage of a twenty-four-hour day”可知，C項錯誤；根據(jù)第4段的“for example, but our bodies can tell the difference and health suffers when we breach these natural rhythms for extended periods of time”可知，這種療法對身體有害，所以D項錯誤。答案為B。
單選題第4題What did researchers identify as the ideal time to wake up in the morning?
A.6:04
B.7:00
C.7:22
D.7:30
參考答案：C
答案解析：根據(jù)題目定位至原文第6段。C為正確答案。
單選題第5題In order to lose weight, we should .
A.avoid eating breakfast
B.eat a low carbohydrate breakfast
C.exercise before breakfast
D.exercise after breakfast
參考答案：C
答案解析：根據(jù)題目定位至原文第7段的“If you’re trying to shed some extra pounds”。從第7段全段來分析，減肥的要義在于：不能錯過早餐，在高強度運動后吃富含碳水化合物的早餐。所以C為正確答案。
單選題第6題Which is NOT mentioned as a way to improve supplement absorption?
A.Avoiding drinks containing caffeine while taking supplements.
B.Taking supplements at breakfast.
C.Taking supplements with foods that can dissolve them.
D.Storing supplements in a cool, dry environment.
參考答案：B
答案解析：根據(jù)題目中的“to improve supplement absorption”定位至原文第8段，可以得出：為了提高吸收率，建議將補充劑與可溶食物配合飲用；避免含咖啡因飲料；要注意儲存，溫暖和潮濕會影響補劑的吸收。所以答案為B。
單選題第7題The best time to stop drinking coffee is .
A.mid-afternoon
B.10 p.m.
C.only when feeling anxious
D.after dinner
參考答案：A
答案解析：根據(jù)題目中的“best time to stop drinking coffee”可以定位至原文第9段的“for a good night’s sleep we are better off putting the brakes on caffeine consumption as early as 3 p.m.”，因此A為正確答案。
單選題第8題In the evening, we should .
A.stay away from carbohydrates
B.stop exercising
C.eat as much as possible
D.eat a light meal
參考答案：D
答案解析：根據(jù)文中最后一段可知，晚上人的消化速度會放慢，因此要吃少，所以D為正確答案。
單選題第9題Which of the following phrases best describes the main purpose of this essay?
A.to suggest healthier ways of eating, sleeping and exercising
B.to describe how modem life has made chronobiology largely irrelevant
C.to introduce chronobiology and describe some practical applications
D.to plan a daily schedule that can alter our natural chronobiological rhythms
參考答案：C
答案解析：本文一開始解釋了什么是生物鐘，然后給出了一些具體的時間及飲食建議，因此正確答案為C。
單選題第10題Which of the following is the best title of this easy?
A.Making time for science
B. About chronobiology
C. How to shed your extra pounds
D. Caffeine and sleep
參考答案：A
答案解析：全文先介紹了什么是時間生物學，然后就時間生物學的研究給出了許多時間安排方面的建議。B、C、D都只是文章中的部分內(nèi)容。答案為A。
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