There is something intrinsically fascinating about the idea of evolution. What principles govern
類型：學習教育
題目總量：200萬+
軟件評價：
下載版本
To Darwin, nature was a surface covered with thousands of sharp wedges, all packed together and jostling for the same space. Those wedges that fared best moved toward the center of the surface, improving their position by knocking other wedges away with violent blows. The standard example that textbooks give of such competitive wedging is the interaction between the brachiopods and the clams. Clams were long held to be ancient undersea competitors of brachiopods due to the fact that the two species inhabited the same ecological niche. Clams are abundant today, whereas brachiopods （dominant in ancient times） are not. Modem clams are also physiologically more complex than brachiopods are.The standard interpretation of these facts is that the clams' physiology was an evolutionary improvement that gave them the ability to “knock away” the brachiopods.
In recent years, however, the prominent naturalists Stephen Jay Gould and C. Brad Calloway have challenged the validity of this example as well as the model it was meant to support. Gould and Calloway found that over most geological time clams and brachiopods went their separate ways. Never did the population of brachiopods dip as that of the clams rose, or vice versa. In fact, the two populations often grew simultaneously, which belies the notion that they were fighting fiercely over the same narrow turf and resources. That there are so many more clams than brachiopods today seems rather to be a consequence of mass deaths that occurred in the Permian period. Whatever caused the mass deaths---some scientists theorize that either there were massive ecological or geological changes, or a comet crashed down from the heavens clams were simply able to weather the storm much better than brachiopods.
Out of these observations, Gould and Calloway drew a number of far-reaching conclusions. For instance, they suggested that direct competition between species was far less frequent than Darwin thought. Perhaps nature was really a very large surface on which there were very few wedges, and the wedges consequently did not bang incessantly against each other. Perhaps the problem facing these wedges was rather that the surface continually altered its shape, and they had to struggle independently to stay in a good position on the surface as it changed.
So where does that leave Homosapiens if evolution is a response to sudden, unpredictable and sweeping changes in the environment rather than the result of a perpetual struggle? No longer are we the kings of the mountain who clawed our way to the top by advancing beyond other species. We are instead those who looked to the mountains when floods began to rage below and then discovered that living high up has its definite advantages, so long as our mountain doesn't decide to turn into a volcano.
單選題第1題What does the author attempt to express by using the parenthetical statement in Paragraph 1?
A.Scientists intend to show that their own species is superior to others.
B.Scientists want to highlight the concept of evolution as a process of gradual improvement.
C.Human race has evolved from lower forms of life toward eventual perfection.
D.Human race is as dose to perfection as life hopes to reach.
參考答案：A
答案解析：推斷題。第1段括號中的this指的是前文中提到的科學家們都一致贊同的觀點:數(shù)十億年來,生命一直在不斷地完善自己,這就可以順理成章地把人類當作最 新、最完美的生命形式。由此可見,科學家們試圖通過進化論來證明自身的優(yōu)越性,故選A。注意選項B易誤選,科學家強調(diào)進化是個逐漸改進的過程,目的是為了突出人類的地位。
單選題第2題The word “wedges” underlined in Paragraph 2 refers to an___species.
A.unknown
B.intelligent
C.entire
D.ancient
參考答案：C
答案解析：在第2段第1句...thousands of sharp wedges, all packed together and jostling for the same space中,作者借用達爾文的觀點,將大自然比作一個表面,將成千上萬的物種比作擁擠在這個表面上爭奪空間的楔子。因此這些wedges是指所有物種,故選C。
單選題第3題The author cites “clams” and “brachiopods” underlined in Paragraph 2 as examples to show that___.
A.clams were biologically stronger than brachiopods
B.brachiopods were inherently weaker than clams
C.clams and brachiopods could not coexist
D.interspecies compete according to Darwin and his “wedge” model
參考答案：D
答案解析：推斷題。第2段第3句直接說出課本上給出的達爾文楔形競爭的標準案例就是腕足動物與蛤類之間的相互競爭,故選D。選項A和B是從兩個方面闡述相同的問題,即蛤類和腕足動物天生就是一個強一個弱,可以直接排除。選項C是對文中第4句和第5句內(nèi)容的主觀推斷,由生存環(huán)境相同,如今數(shù)量懸殊推出兩者不能共存是不合理的,并且由第3段第3句和第4句也可排除C。
單選題第4題According to Gould and Calloway’s theory,the decline of brachiopods___.
A.resulted from their competition with clams
B.seemed to have been caused by an environmental impact
C.were not triggered by a comet crashing down from the heavens
D.might be the consequence of mass deaths in the Permian period
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。第3段第5句指出當今蛤類比腕足動物多得多的原因似乎是二疊紀時期大規(guī)模死亡的結(jié)果,選項D待定。第3段最后一句提到了可能會導致大規(guī)模死亡的原因,生態(tài)變化、地質(zhì)變化或替星撞地球,這些都是環(huán)境的變化,由此可以排除D選項,確定正確答案B。
單選題第5題The word “comet”underlined in Paragraph 3 refers to___.
A.an event that could have obscured the geological record
B.a possible cause for the decline of brachiopods
C.massive ecological or geological changes
D.the acceleration of evolutionary adaptation
參考答案：B
答案解析：推斷題。第3段第6句首先提出不論是什么原因造成大規(guī)模死亡,破折號之后補充說明蛤類比腕足動物更經(jīng)受得住生存環(huán)境的巨變,由此可以推斷答案選B。 comet之前的or是連接不同可能性的連詞“或” ,不要誤讀為表示解釋功能的“即,亦即” 。所以不可選C。
單選題第6題According to Gould and Calloway’s theory, evolution___.
A.may not necessarily be based on competition
B.occurs through the differential survival of competing genes
C.is the consequence of the struggle for resources among species
D.is the product of heredity, environmental stimuli, and past experiences
參考答案：A
答案解析：推斷題。第4段第2句提到,根據(jù)古爾德和卡洛韋的理論,物種之間的直接竟爭遠不如達爾文所認為的那么頻繁,后面解釋說各物種之間不會不斷地相互攻擊,只是各自努力在環(huán)境變化中占據(jù)更好位置。故選A。選項B和C都是達爾文進化論中的觀點。選項D未在文中提及。
單選題第7題The last paragraph attempts to___.
A.outline Gould and Calloway’s research on dams and brachiopods,which contradict Darwin’s theories
B.explain Gould and Calloway’s theory which claims that environmental change is more important than competition in the survival of species
C.restate the concept of evolution as a process of gradual improvement which leads to the survival of superior species
D.explore the implications for the status of humans in light of Gould and Calloway’s new theory about evolution
參考答案：D
答案解析：推斷題。最后一段第1句提出如果進化是出于古爾德和卡洛韋的理論（對環(huán)境中突然的、不可預測的以及徹底的變化做出反應） ,而不是基于達爾文的竟爭理論,那么這對人類來說意味著什么呢?作者指出“人類的地位不再是在競爭中獲勝的大王,而只是在有危險或變化來臨時能夠做出更好選擇的那一類而已” 。該段的中心都在圍繞著人類的地位討論,故選D。
單選題第8題With regard to Gould and Calloway’s theory of evolution, the author would most likely state that it___.
A.has not yet been tested as much as the previous model
B.rules out the possibility that one species could cause the extinction of another
C.puts the status of humans in a new perspective
D.attaches less importance to the effect of natural disasters
參考答案：C
答案解析：推斷題。本題是推斷作者對古爾德和卡洛韋的進化論的看法,本文首段就在探討進化的觀點決定著人類在整個進化過程中所處的位置,提出一部分科學家認為競爭理論是人類進化得以愈發(fā)完美的動力,但是后文中出現(xiàn)的古爾德和卡洛韋的理論則對這種觀點提出質(zhì)疑。由此可見他們的進化論是從一個新的視角來審視人類的地位,故選C。
單選題第9題What is the main idea of the passage?
A.It criticizes Darwin's evolutionary theory.
B.It discusses a new alternative to an established theory.
C.It examines the nature of the interaction between two species.
D.It demonstrates Gould and Calloway’s conclusions about clams and brachiopods.
參考答案：B
答案解析：主旨題。作者并未批評達爾文的進化理論,只是提出不同的看法,所以排除A。達爾文理論中以蛤類和腕足動物為例闡述了楔子模型,但并未研究兩者相互作用的性質(zhì),所以排除C。 第三段闡述了古爾德和卡洛韋關于蛤類和腕足動物的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),只是局部內(nèi)容,不構成主旨,因此排除D。通觀全文,可以看出作者在達爾文進化論的基礎上提出了與之有異的古爾德和卡洛韋的進化論,故選B。
單選題第10題It can be inferred from Gould and Calloway’s findings about clams and brachiopods that
A.the two species never competed for the same turf
B.they fought fiercely for the same resources
C.clams had genetic ability to evade disasters
D.brachiopods were physiologically less complex than clams
參考答案：A
答案解析：細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第3段第4句“事實上,這兩個物種的數(shù)量經(jīng)常同時增長,這與它們?yōu)橥瑯营M窄的地盤和有限的資源而大打出手的觀點不符” ,可以排除B,同時推斷A正確。根據(jù)第2段第6句“現(xiàn)代蛤類在生理上比腕足動物更復雜” ,但并未說古代的時候便是如此,因此排除D。
涉及考點
2020翻譯二級筆譯綜合能力考試大綱
二、閱讀理解
相關題庫
| 題庫產(chǎn)品名稱 | 試題數(shù)量 | 優(yōu)惠價 | 免費體驗 | 購買 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022年翻譯二級《英語筆譯綜合能力》考試題庫 | 1869題 | ￥98.00 | 免費體檢 | 立即購買 |
你可能感興趣的試題
- · After having been trapped underneath the mine for three查看答案
- · During Japan’s revolution in the 19th century,the Japanese denounced their own查看答案
- · I have redone the homework. Please review it again and return it back how I can fiirther improve it.查看答案
- · Public opinion is fickle and more so in a nation like ours where illiteracy 查看答案
- · Public opinion is fickle and more so in a nation like ours where illiteracy 查看答案
微信掃碼關注焚題庫
-
歷年真題
歷年考試真題試卷，真實檢驗
-
章節(jié)練習
按章節(jié)做題，系統(tǒng)練習不遺漏
-
考前試卷
考前2套試卷，助力搶分
-
模擬試題
海量考試試卷及答案，分數(shù)評估