America’s more capitalist sports fans commonly acknowledge that their country’s
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It's a different story across the Atlantic, where many European soccer leagues have practices that would please an American conservative. There are few salary-cap rules, so a handful of rich teams tend to dominate annually. When a soccer team performs poorly, it is not rewarded with a high draft pick. Instead, the club is relegated to a less competitive league, a mighty blow to their revenue. Meanwhile the most successful teams from lower divisions are promoted to more competitive leagues where they can earn even more money.
For years, economists have wondered why America doesn’t share Europe’s socialist approach to government. But maybe ifs worth flipping the question: Why don't European sports share U.S.-style socialism? Why do European soccer leagues punish the downtrodden,while American sports are so soft on losers?
In their famous 2001 paper, “Why Doesn't The U.S. Have A European-Style Welfare State?” the economists Alberto Alesina, Edward Glaeser, and Bruce Sacerdote pointed out that public policies are an echo of national history. For example, in the U.S., the legacy of the 19th century’s “open frontier” made Americans skeptical of government intrusion，while the absence of an influential socialist party after World War Ⅱ made it difficult for leftist policies to take root.
By analogy, perhaps, one could look to history to see the origin of Europe's surprisingly free-market approach to sports. The rules of today's English Premier League can be traced to the late 19th century, when English soccer was in a period of rapid growth, with hundreds of English and Welsh clubs forming in several decades. Owners, players, and fans all recognized that the helter-skelter scheduling made it harder for people to plan their lives around soccer. In 1888, 12 teams banded together to form England’s first Football League. This provided a modicum of structure to the beautiful game, such as set schedules and guaranteed home games. In its original rules, the worst teams in the league had to apply for “reelection” to remain. Otherwise, one of England’s hundreds of other soccer teams could take their place. As the League grew in size and number of divisions, reelection evolved into a system of promotion and relegation a model that has taken hold in soccer leagues in Europe and around the world.
單選題第1題The underlined word “circumscribed” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to .
A.restricted
B.influenced
C.stopped
D.interrupted
參考答案：A
答案解析：第1段最后一句的意思是：總的來(lái)說(shuō)，成功會(huì)受到有意為之的懲罰，不幸會(huì)得到有意為之的回報(bào)，財(cái)富的力量受到開支上限的束縛。在本句中，A項(xiàng)表示“限制”；B項(xiàng)表示“影響”；C項(xiàng)表示“停止”；D項(xiàng)表示“打斷、中斷”；circumscribed表不“限制、約束”。答案為A。
單選題第2題Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 1?
A.Teams that are over-spending will not be punished by two leagues.
B.The National Football League and the National Basketball Association have some rules to narrow the gap between the rich and poor teams.
C.Some top players will be picked to go to the best-performing team from the previous year.
D.Revenue sharing shares out wealth among the poor teams.
參考答案：B
答案解析：本題根據(jù)第1段提問(wèn)。第二句的意思是：工資上限和奢侈稅限制了各支球隊(duì)在球員身上的開銷，超支會(huì)受到處罰，豪門和窮隊(duì)之間的差距因此得以縮小。因此，A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。第三句表示：選秀狀元一般都會(huì)去前一年戰(zhàn)績(jī)最差的球隊(duì)。因此，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。第四句表示：收入分享制度將財(cái)富在豪門和窮隊(duì)之間重新分配。因此，D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。設(shè)置工資上限和奢侈稅是國(guó)家橄欖球聯(lián)盟和國(guó)家籃球協(xié)會(huì)的規(guī)定。答案為B。
單選題第3題According to the passage, there are in many European soccer leagues.
A.salary caps and luxury taxes
B.punishment on over-spending teams
C.a great gap between rich and poor teams
D.few salary-cap rules
參考答案：D
答案解析：文章第2段第二句表示歐洲足球聯(lián)賽沒(méi)有什么薪水上限的規(guī)定，所以屈指可數(shù)的幾個(gè)豪門往往每年都處于主導(dǎo)地位。A、B、C項(xiàng)描述的是美國(guó)橄欖球聯(lián)盟和籃球協(xié)會(huì)的特點(diǎn)。答案為D。
單選題第4題Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word “relegated” in Paragraph 2?
A.chosen
B.downgraded
C.reduced
D.introduced
參考答案：B
答案解析：第2段第三、四句表示如果一支球隊(duì)踢得差，不會(huì)有優(yōu)先的選秀權(quán)，而是會(huì)被降級(jí)到次級(jí)聯(lián)賽，這對(duì)他們的收入來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)重大打擊。A項(xiàng)表示“選擇”，C項(xiàng)be reduced to表示“淪落為”，D項(xiàng)表示“介紹”，都與句意不符。relegated表不“降級(jí)”，downgraded與其意思相同，B項(xiàng)正確。
單選題第5題Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A.Players in European soccer leagues could earn more money than those in America.
B.America and Europe share the same socialist approach to government.
C.Teams in European soccer leagues will suffer no losses from being relegated to a less competitive league.
D.American sports are tolerant on losers.
參考答案：D
答案解析：第2段最后一句表示，次級(jí)聯(lián)賽中最成功的隊(duì)伍會(huì)升級(jí)到水平更高的聯(lián)賽中，從而能賺更多的錢，并未與美國(guó)進(jìn)行比較。因此，A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。第3段第一句表示，多年來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直好奇，美國(guó)為什么不在行政上學(xué)歐洲的社會(huì)主義方式。由此可以看出，美國(guó)和歐洲有不同的行政方式，因此，B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。第2段第三、四句表示，如果一支球隊(duì)踢得差，不會(huì)有優(yōu)先的選秀權(quán)，而是會(huì)被降級(jí)到次級(jí)聯(lián)賽，這對(duì)他們的收入來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)重大打擊。由此可以看出，歐洲足球聯(lián)盟的成員如果被降級(jí)，確實(shí)會(huì)遭受一定的損失，因此，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。第3段最后一句表示，歐洲足球聯(lián)賽會(huì)懲罰墊底的球隊(duì)，而美國(guó)體育對(duì)失利的球隊(duì)非常寬容。因此D
項(xiàng)正確。
單選題第6題According to the passage, America and Europe have the following differences except .
A.salary-cap rules
B.socialist approach to government
C.revenue sharing
D.competition rules
參考答案：D
答案解析：由文章第1段可知美國(guó)橄欖球聯(lián)盟和籃球協(xié)會(huì)制定了工資上限來(lái)限制球員的開銷，而歐洲足球聯(lián)盟并沒(méi)有此項(xiàng)措施。因此A項(xiàng)屬于二者的差異，A項(xiàng)排除。第3段中，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直好奇，美國(guó)為什么不在行政上學(xué)歐洲的社會(huì)主義方式。由此可以看出，美國(guó)和歐洲有不同的行政方式，因此，B項(xiàng)是二者差異，B項(xiàng)排除。第1段第四句表示收入分享制度將財(cái)富在豪門和窮隊(duì)之間重新分配，而歐洲則沒(méi)有此項(xiàng)決策。可以看出，美國(guó)和歐洲在收入分享制度上存在差異，因此，C項(xiàng)排除。D選項(xiàng)在文中并沒(méi)有提到，因此D項(xiàng)正確。
單選題第7題According to the passage, which of the following statements mainly explains why the U.S. doesn't have a European-style welfare state?
A.Different national histories result in various public policies.
B.America has an influential socialism party.
C.Americans hold doubtful attitudes of government intrusion.
D.Leftist policies have difficulties in taking root in America.
參考答案：A
答案解析：第4段第一句中“《為什么美國(guó)沒(méi)有歐洲式的福利制度》一文中表示，公共政策是國(guó)家歷史的再現(xiàn)”的意思是由于歷史的不同，美國(guó)和歐洲表現(xiàn)為截然不同的公共政策。因此A項(xiàng)正確。第4段第二句舉例說(shuō)明，在美國(guó)，19世紀(jì)“開放邊疆”的遺產(chǎn)使得美國(guó)人對(duì)政府的干涉持懷疑態(tài)度，而由于二戰(zhàn)后缺乏有影響力的社會(huì)主義政黨，左派政策很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。C、D項(xiàng)是針對(duì)A項(xiàng)舉的例子，并不是美國(guó)沒(méi)有歐洲式的福利制度的主要原因，因此C、D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。A項(xiàng)正確。
單選題第8題What’s the main idea of Paragraph 5?
A.12 teams united to form England’s first Football League in 1888.
B.The rules of today's English Premier League can be dated back to the late 19th century.
C.The worst team in the league had to apply for reelection to stay.
D.The origin of Europe's free-market approach to sports can be traced to history.
參考答案：D
答案解析：第5段第一句表示我們可以通過(guò)歷史來(lái)看看歐洲對(duì)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的這種出人意料的自由市場(chǎng)態(tài)度源自何處，后文接著用不同的歷史事件對(duì)第一句加以解釋和補(bǔ)充。因此，D項(xiàng)正確；A、B、C項(xiàng)都是對(duì)D項(xiàng)的延伸補(bǔ)充，并不是本段的主要內(nèi)容。因此答案選D項(xiàng)。
單選題第9題The worst team in the league had to apply for reelection because .
A.they wanted to provide a structure to the football game
B.they were willing to have another competition
C.they would be easily replaced by other soccer teams
D.they would like to train their skills of playing soccer
參考答案：C
答案解析：第5段第六、七句表示，聯(lián)賽成績(jī)最差的幾支隊(duì)伍必須申請(qǐng)參加“再選”，這樣才能留下來(lái)，否則，英格蘭另外數(shù)百只足球隊(duì)之一可能取代其位置。A項(xiàng)不符合題意；B、D項(xiàng)在文中并未提到。C項(xiàng)正確。
單選題第10題Which of the following expressions is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase "taken hold” in Paragraph 5?
A.taken against
B.taken aside
C.taken root
D.taken back
參考答案：C
答案解析：第5段最后一句表示，隨著聯(lián)賽規(guī)模和分級(jí)層次的發(fā)展，再選方案演變?yōu)樯?jí)和降級(jí)制度，這種模式已經(jīng)在歐洲乃至全球足球聯(lián)賽中確立下來(lái)�！皌aken hold”意思是“確立、生根”，在文中表示確立下來(lái)。A項(xiàng)表示“反對(duì)”，B項(xiàng)表示“放在一邊”，D項(xiàng)表示“拿回、取消”，都與原句意思不符。C項(xiàng)表示“確立、扎根”，C項(xiàng)正確。
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