定語從句

　　引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括:

　　(1)關(guān)系代詞:that, which, whose, who, whom, as;

　　(2)關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why。

　　關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中都充當(dāng)一定的句法成分,

　　關(guān)系代詞在句中充當(dāng)動詞的賓語時, 一般可省去。

　　關(guān)系代詞的選用比較復(fù)雜, 它受下列條件的制約:

　　(1)先行詞是指人還是指物;

　　(2)關(guān)系代詞在從句中的句法功能;

　　(3)定語從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。

　　關(guān)系代詞的選用情況見下表:

　　先行詞在從句中的句法功能 用于限定性或非限定性定語從句 只用于限定性定語從句

　　指人或指物 指人 指物

　　主語 who which that that

　　賓語 whom which that that

　　定語 whose whose (of which)

　　I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says.

　　The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy(禮貌)。 Address vt. 對…說話

　　The watch which (that) was lost has been found.

　　Here is the material which (that) you need.

　　You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.

　　關(guān)系副詞的選用相對來說較簡單。如先行詞為表示時間的名詞, 如time, day等, 則用when; 如先行詞為表示地點的名詞, 如place, house, area等,則用where; 如先行詞為reason, 則用why。

　　I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.

　　I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that.

　　[提示]

　　1. 當(dāng)先行詞是all, something, nothing等不定代詞時;或先行詞前有first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no等修飾時;或先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時, 一般只用that而不用which來引導(dǎo)定語從句。

　　I’ve explained everything (that) I know to you.

　　This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to.

　　2. 定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句, 限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系緊密, 為句中不可缺少的部分, 如去掉, 主句意思不完整。非限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系松散, 如去掉, 主句內(nèi)容仍完整。在書面語中, 非限定性定語從句一般被逗句隔開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系詞不可省略。

　　His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.

　　The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann，gave me a sweet smile.

　　3. 先行詞也可以是整個句子。這時, 一般用which或as來引導(dǎo)定語從句。 which在從句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語等, as在從句中一般只充當(dāng)主語。which與as引導(dǎo)此類定語從句的區(qū)別在于: which只能置于句中或句末, 而as的位置比較靈活, 可置于句中、句末, 又可置于句首。

　　Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.

　　He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.

　　As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon(十項全能) at that Olympic Games.

　　4. 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中有時也做介詞的賓語。如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前, 一般只用介詞+which或介詞+whom, 而不用介詞+that來此導(dǎo)定語從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末, 則可用that代替which或whom,且that這時可省去。

　　This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.

　　One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with will come today.

　　(介詞就是個紅燈)