2017考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法小講：過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　一律用had + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。

　　用法：

　　1)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前的事情，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，必須有一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作來(lái)作參照，說(shuō)明在此之前某事已發(fā)生。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過(guò)去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

　　She told me she had been there three times before. 她告訴我她以前到過(guò)那里三次。(“去過(guò)”發(fā)生在“告訴”之前)

　　How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上學(xué)期末為止，他在這里教學(xué)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間啦? (“教學(xué)”發(fā)生在上學(xué)期末結(jié)束之前)

　　When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我們到的時(shí)候，足球賽已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。

　　She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年來(lái)中國(guó)之前已訪問(wèn)過(guò)中國(guó)兩次了。

　　2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞可以表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，這一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去這一時(shí)刻或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去。例如：

　　By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。

　　By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六點(diǎn)為止，他們已工作八小時(shí)了。

　　When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海時(shí)，他在那里很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。

　　3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞常用于間接引語(yǔ)和虛擬語(yǔ)氣，我們以后會(huì)詳細(xì)講述。

　　4)此外，過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 這兩個(gè)句型，前面部分用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后面部分用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

　　No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他剛偷到錢包就被當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲。

　　Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 薩達(dá)姆還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到在發(fā)生什么事情就被抓獲了。