1、In June,California department of forestry and fire protection determined that 12 devastating fires that struck Northern California tate last year were the result of trees coming into contact with power lines or other problems tied to the electric utility PG& E.Thanks to a policy known as inverse conclemnation,the utility could be on the hook for those damages,even if ii is not found to be negligeni.In the past,PG&-E has paid the bills when it was blamed for fires and other damages.But the company now says it cannot keep footing the bill so long as climate change continues to increase the likelihood of fires.Millions of trees have died across California after years of intense drought.creating vast quantities of fuel that allow fires to burn faster and over greater clistances-all combined with higher temperatures.It has pushed to raise electricity rates to pay for tlie clamage.Meanwhile.state officials are pushing a change in the law.Governor Jerry Brown proposed a new plan ihat would allow a court to decide whether the utility acted"reasonably"before forcing the company to pay claims."Costly wildfires and natural disasters have the poiential to undermine the sysiem*"Brown told legislators."leaving our energy sector in a state of weakness at a time when it shoulcl be making even greater investments in safety."Within the U.S.,the debate over liability for climate change has taken several forms.On the fecleral level,proactive policymakers have pushed to rework the National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP),which pays people to rebuild their homes after floods-even in areas where damage is likely to strike again.In effect,that program,which is more than$20 billion in clebt,put.s the burden of climate-change-related natural disasters in the hands of the U.S.government ancl the taxpayer.Infrastructure experts have also pushed the government to rethink its post disaster funding to require climate change preparedness measures.A group of pioneering American cities have sought to have the oil-and-gas industry pay for climate-change-relatecl clamages and disaster-prevention measures.A series of lawsuits have blamed the companies for years of polluting the planet while concealing evidence that emissions would contribute to devastaiing climate change.The authorities behind the lawsuits hope that courts will force the industry to pay up.Thus far,U.S.courts have expressed skepticism-not necessarily of the fault of oil and gas but of the ability of the judicial system to address the issue."The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,"wrote William Alsup of the U.S.District Court in Northern California.Elsewhere,a large number of litigants have also looked to the courts.Lacking other avenues for addressing the issue,people feeling the impacts of climate change are increasingly Lurning to courts to help find a global answer to a global problem. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

　　A Who pays for climate change damage?

　　B What causes devastating natural disasters?

　　C Should oil and gas companies pay for greenhouse gas emissions?

　　D Should governments stress disaster prevention or disaster recovery?

　　正確答案：A  

　　答案解析：本文第一至三段講述加州案例：加州大火頻發(fā)、損失巨大，按照一項現(xiàn)有政策，PG&.E應(yīng)為損失買單，但該公司提出氣候變暖使得自然災(zāi)害無論是爆發(fā)的概率還是造成的損失都在增大，自己已無力承擔(dān)，政府官員也在尋求法律改變以解決問題。第四至六段提出就“誰為氣候變化負(fù)責(zé)”的爭論已有數(shù)種形式，并具體闡述政策制定者、某些城市、法庭等多方觀點。末段作者提出，受到氣候變化沖擊的人們在缺乏解決途徑時日益轉(zhuǎn)向求助法庭，以期就一個全球問題得到全面的答案�？梢夾.為全文關(guān)注問題，是恰當(dāng)標(biāo)題。[解題技巧]B.錯誤有二：首先將文章關(guān)注范圍“氣候變暖引發(fā)的自然災(zāi)害”擴大為“(一切)自然災(zāi)害”;其次，文章并非具體討論災(zāi)害成因，而是誰該為災(zāi)害買單。C.過窄，雖然能概括第四、五段內(nèi)容，但無力概括全篇，尤其是第三段。D.利用文中具體表述climate change preparedness、rebuild their homes after floods等設(shè)置干擾，但偏離文章內(nèi)容，文章并未具體討論災(zāi)難的預(yù)防和修復(fù)。

　　2、In June,California department of forestry and fire protection determined that 12 devastating fires that struck Northern California tate last year were the result of trees coming into contact with power lines or other problems tied to the electric utility PG& E.Thanks to a policy known as inverse conclemnation,the utility could be on the hook for those damages,even if ii is not found to be negligeni.In the past,PG&-E has paid the bills when it was blamed for fires and other damages.But the company now says it cannot keep footing the bill so long as climate change continues to increase the likelihood of fires.Millions of trees have died across California after years of intense drought.creating vast quantities of fuel that allow fires to burn faster and over greater clistances-all combined with higher temperatures.It has pushed to raise electricity rates to pay for tlie clamage.Meanwhile.state officials are pushing a change in the law.Governor Jerry Brown proposed a new plan ihat would allow a court to decide whether the utility acted"reasonably"before forcing the company to pay claims."Costly wildfires and natural disasters have the poiential to undermine the sysiem*"Brown told legislators."leaving our energy sector in a state of weakness at a time when it shoulcl be making even greater investments in safety."Within the U.S.,the debate over liability for climate change has taken several forms.On the fecleral level,proactive policymakers have pushed to rework the National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP),which pays people to rebuild their homes after floods-even in areas where damage is likely to strike again.In effect,that program,which is more than$20 billion in clebt,put.s the burden of climate-change-related natural disasters in the hands of the U.S.government ancl the taxpayer.Infrastructure experts have also pushed the government to rethink its post disaster funding to require climate change preparedness measures.A group of pioneering American cities have sought to have the oil-and-gas industry pay for climate-change-relatecl clamages and disaster-prevention measures.A series of lawsuits have blamed the companies for years of polluting the planet while concealing evidence that emissions would contribute to devastaiing climate change.The authorities behind the lawsuits hope that courts will force the industry to pay up.Thus far,U.S.courts have expressed skepticism-not necessarily of the fault of oil and gas but of the ability of the judicial system to address the issue."The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,"wrote William Alsup of the U.S.District Court in Northern California.Elsewhere,a large number of litigants have also looked to the courts.Lacking other avenues for addressing the issue,people feeling the impacts of climate change are increasingly Lurning to courts to help find a global answer to a global problem. In Jerry Brown's opinion,the right thing to do now is to

　　A force PG&E to pay for fire damages.

　　B determine whether PG&E acted properly.

　　C limit the cost of natural disasters.

　　D increase investment in the energy sector.

　　正確答案：B  

　　答案解析：根據(jù)題干中人名關(guān)鍵詞Jerry Brown定位到第三段。該段指出加州州長Jerry Brown提議了一項新計劃·使法庭可在強迫公司PG&E(the company承上指代PG&E)支付賠償之前，先確定該公司(the utility同樣承上指代PG&.E)的行為是否合理，即：若公司沒有不當(dāng)行為，可降低或免于賠償�？梢夿.符合Jerry Brown觀點。[解題技巧]A.與②句“在強迫該公司支付災(zāi)害索賠之前，先確定它行為是否合理”相悖。C.對③句Costly wildfires and natural disaslers have the potential lo undermine the system過度推導(dǎo)，該句意在說明“不應(yīng)讓高額災(zāi)難賠償毀掉能源部門”，并非“當(dāng)務(wù)之急要控制災(zāi)難成本”。D.對③句our energy scctor.…making even greatcr investment斷章取義，該內(nèi)容整體意在說明“不應(yīng)讓能源公司在急需加大安全投入之時·反而因支付巨額賠償而陷入贏弱狀態(tài)”，與“對能源部門的投入”無關(guān)。

　　3、The development,hundreds of years ago,of ship and cargo insurance was revolutionary.It marked the start of commercial insurance;protection against loss from fire and the perils of the high seas fostered global trade.But in the 21st century the value of companies consists less of solid objects,such as boats and buildings,than of intangible elements,such as intellectual property,data and reputation."Today the most valuable assets are more likely to be stored in the cloud than in a warehouse,"says Inga Beale,chief executive of Lloyd's of London.As the importance of intangibles has grown,so has companies'need to protect themselves against"intangible risks"of two types:damage to intangible assets(eg,reputational harm caused by a tweet or computer hack);or posed by them(say,physical damage or theft resulting from a cyberattack).Companies are not oblivious.Respondents to a survey last year by Aon,an insurance broker,ranked reputation as their top risk and cyber-risk as their fifth.But there is a big difference between how risk managers perceive such risks and how boards do.And if firms do seek insurance against some of these risks,insurers have not exactly been giving them too many novel products.Even when policies are labelled"innovative"it's usually to insure physical assets in the sharing economy rather than intangibles.But in a world where Airbnb,in effect the world's largest hotel chain,owns no hotels and Uber,its largest taxi firm,owns no cabs,such policies are of limited use.Those that do protect assets such as data,IP and reputation are often expensive and custom-made,and include strict exclusions and lrmits.Insurers'caution is understandable.Intangible risks are not only new and comple)c"They're a bit like not-yet-set jelly,"says Julia Graham of Airmic."Their shape constantly changes."Underwriters like to look at past data on events'frequency as well as clients'current exposure-which may be next to impossible when assessing the risk and impact of a cyberattack,or a scandal,which would have been very differently priced even a couple of years ago.But some underwriters are starting to come up with more suitable policies.One is parametric cover,which pays a fixed amount automatically after a defined event,such as a hack.The advantage of such policies is that they can provide cash quickly,meeting an immediate need after misfortune strikes.The downside is that these products tend to cover only a share of damages.Companies also have to do more to protect themselves.Just as insurance was only part of the answer to fire and maritime risk,it is only part of the answer to modern perils.Plenty of cyber-breaches could doubtless have been avoided if software had simply been kept up to date.Insurers need to catch up with the intangible age;but so do their clients. In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests that

　　A parametric cover performs quite well in assessing the costs of misfortune.

　　B companies need to buy several types of insurance to protect themselves.

　　C companies and insurers should work together to protect against intangible risks.

　　D insurers should keep updating their software to protect the privacy of their clients.

　　正確答案：C  

　　答案解析：第六段指出：企業(yè)也須努力保護自己，保險只是現(xiàn)代風(fēng)險的“部分答案”;保險商需跟上無形時代步伐，它們的客戶(即企業(yè))也應(yīng)如此。可見作者認(rèn)為企業(yè)和保險公司應(yīng)共同防范無形風(fēng)險,C.正確。[解題技巧]A.將第五段首句suitable policies斷章取義為“參數(shù)化保險擅長評估不幸事件的成本”，但由下文可知，參數(shù)化保險采用的是“賠償固定數(shù)額”，而不能“有效評估成本”，它只是一種“相對更合適的保險”。B.將第六段首句companies also have to do more to protect themselves(公司需更加努力保護自己免于無形風(fēng)險)錯誤理解為“公司應(yīng)購買多個險種”。D.將末段③句所述“企業(yè)做法——更新軟件”張冠李戴為“保險公司做法”，并捏造出“保護客戶隱私”這一無關(guān)信息。

　　4、In June,California department of forestry and fire protection determined that 12 devastating fires that struck Northern California tate last year were the result of trees coming into contact with power lines or other problems tied to the electric utility PG& E.Thanks to a policy known as inverse conclemnation,the utility could be on the hook for those damages,even if ii is not found to be negligeni.In the past,PG&-E has paid the bills when it was blamed for fires and other damages.But the company now says it cannot keep footing the bill so long as climate change continues to increase the likelihood of fires.Millions of trees have died across California after years of intense drought.creating vast quantities of fuel that allow fires to burn faster and over greater clistances-all combined with higher temperatures.It has pushed to raise electricity rates to pay for tlie clamage.Meanwhile.state officials are pushing a change in the law.Governor Jerry Brown proposed a new plan ihat would allow a court to decide whether the utility acted"reasonably"before forcing the company to pay claims."Costly wildfires and natural disasters have the poiential to undermine the sysiem*"Brown told legislators."leaving our energy sector in a state of weakness at a time when it shoulcl be making even greater investments in safety."Within the U.S.,the debate over liability for climate change has taken several forms.On the fecleral level,proactive policymakers have pushed to rework the National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP),which pays people to rebuild their homes after floods-even in areas where damage is likely to strike again.In effect,that program,which is more than$20 billion in clebt,put.s the burden of climate-change-related natural disasters in the hands of the U.S.government ancl the taxpayer.Infrastructure experts have also pushed the government to rethink its post disaster funding to require climate change preparedness measures.A group of pioneering American cities have sought to have the oil-and-gas industry pay for climate-change-relatecl clamages and disaster-prevention measures.A series of lawsuits have blamed the companies for years of polluting the planet while concealing evidence that emissions would contribute to devastaiing climate change.The authorities behind the lawsuits hope that courts will force the industry to pay up.Thus far,U.S.courts have expressed skepticism-not necessarily of the fault of oil and gas but of the ability of the judicial system to address the issue."The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,"wrote William Alsup of the U.S.District Court in Northern California.Elsewhere,a large number of litigants have also looked to the courts.Lacking other avenues for addressing the issue,people feeling the impacts of climate change are increasingly Lurning to courts to help find a global answer to a global problem. To which of the following would William Alsup most probably agree?

　　A The oil-and-gas industry should pay for climate-change-related damages.

　　B Climate change should not be viewed as the faulr of oil and gas.

　　C The problem of a warming planet is too big for the courts to solve.

　　D The judicial system has the responsibility to settle greenhouse-gas-related disputes.

　　正確答案：C  

　　答案解析：第五段指出，一些城市提出讓油氣行業(yè)為氣候變化相關(guān)損失以及災(zāi)難預(yù)防措施買單。第六段則指出法院對此持懷疑態(tài)度：倒不一定是對“氣候問題錯在油氣(公司)”表示懷疑，而是對“司法體系解決這一問題的能力”表示懷疑。隨后引用William Alsup話語指出：這一問題需要更大范圍的方案，并非某一地方法院或陪審團就某一案件的審判便能解決�？梢姟疌.符合該觀點。[解題技巧]解答本題的關(guān)鍵是認(rèn)識到“William Alsup觀點”是對“美國法庭觀點”的例證，二者可視為一體，共同對“一些城市的看法”表示懷疑。A.將“以William Alsup為代表的美國法庭懷疑的觀點(第五段所述一些城市的觀點)”當(dāng)作其持有的觀點。B.與第六段①句“美國法院倒并不一定是對油氣公司的責(zé)任表示懷疑(not necessarily of the fault of oil and gas)”相悖。D.與第六段①句“美國法院對司法體系解決這一問題的能力表示懷疑(of the abiIlty of the judicial system to address the issue)”相悖。

　　5、In June,California department of forestry and fire protection determined that 12 devastating fires that struck Northern California tate last year were the result of trees coming into contact with power lines or other problems tied to the electric utility PG& E.Thanks to a policy known as inverse conclemnation,the utility could be on the hook for those damages,even if ii is not found to be negligeni.In the past,PG&-E has paid the bills when it was blamed for fires and other damages.But the company now says it cannot keep footing the bill so long as climate change continues to increase the likelihood of fires.Millions of trees have died across California after years of intense drought.creating vast quantities of fuel that allow fires to burn faster and over greater clistances-all combined with higher temperatures.It has pushed to raise electricity rates to pay for tlie clamage.Meanwhile.state officials are pushing a change in the law.Governor Jerry Brown proposed a new plan ihat would allow a court to decide whether the utility acted"reasonably"before forcing the company to pay claims."Costly wildfires and natural disasters have the poiential to undermine the sysiem*"Brown told legislators."leaving our energy sector in a state of weakness at a time when it shoulcl be making even greater investments in safety."Within the U.S.,the debate over liability for climate change has taken several forms.On the fecleral level,proactive policymakers have pushed to rework the National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP),which pays people to rebuild their homes after floods-even in areas where damage is likely to strike again.In effect,that program,which is more than$20 billion in clebt,put.s the burden of climate-change-related natural disasters in the hands of the U.S.government ancl the taxpayer.Infrastructure experts have also pushed the government to rethink its post disaster funding to require climate change preparedness measures.A group of pioneering American cities have sought to have the oil-and-gas industry pay for climate-change-relatecl clamages and disaster-prevention measures.A series of lawsuits have blamed the companies for years of polluting the planet while concealing evidence that emissions would contribute to devastaiing climate change.The authorities behind the lawsuits hope that courts will force the industry to pay up.Thus far,U.S.courts have expressed skepticism-not necessarily of the fault of oil and gas but of the ability of the judicial system to address the issue."The problem deserves a solution on a more vast scale than can be supplied by a district judge or jury in a public nuisance case,"wrote William Alsup of the U.S.District Court in Northern California.Elsewhere,a large number of litigants have also looked to the courts.Lacking other avenues for addressing the issue,people feeling the impacts of climate change are increasingly Lurning to courts to help find a global answer to a global problem. Which of the following is true about NFIP?

　　A Ii is viewed as a highly effective policy by proactive policymakers.

　　B It pays those who rebuild homes in areas vulnerable to disasters.

　　C It has passed on its debt burden to the government and the taxpayer.

　　D It provides funding to clevelop climate change preparedness measures.

　　正確答案：B  

　　答案解析：根據(jù)題千中關(guān)鍵名詞NFIP定位到第四段。該段②句指出，國家洪水保險計劃(NFIP)支付人們洪災(zāi)之后重建家園的費用——甚至是在災(zāi)難很可能再次降臨的區(qū)域，可見B.為事實，areas vulnerable to disasters同義改寫原文areas where damage is likely to strike again。[解題技巧]A.與第四段②句“積極的政策制定者們已經(jīng)在推動修改NFIP(言外之意，他們對該計劃不滿)”相反。另外，從下文“該計劃對美國政府和納稅人造成了巨大負(fù)擔(dān)”也可推知政策制定者對該計劃很可能心懷不滿。C.對③句斷章取義.該句意為“NFIP已是負(fù)債累累，它將氣候變化所造成的自然災(zāi)害的負(fù)擔(dān)放到了政府和納稅人的手中”，并不涉及NFIP自身的債務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移。D.利用④句內(nèi)容干擾.但這已是段落另一層次，是基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施專家的觀點，與NFIP無直接關(guān)聯(lián)。

　　☛☛☛進入2022年研究生考試練習(xí)題庫>>>更多考研試題(每日一練、模擬試卷、歷年真題、易錯題)等你來做!