[單選題]Dung to Death

　　Antibiotics are among the most successful drugs used for human therapy. However, since they can challenge microbial populations, they must be considered as important pollutants as well. Besides being used for human therapy, antibiotics are extensively used for animal farming and for agricultural purposes.

　　Residues from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can contaminate natural environments. The clearest consequence of antibiotic release in natural environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. While this phenomenon is indeed seen in the health-care sector, much of the inappropriate use comes from agriculture.

　　Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs.”

　　The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. (41)______

　　Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the U.S. each year. More than half are given to farm animals to prevent disease and promote growth (42)______

　　Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. (43)______

　　With millions of tons of animals manure spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. (44)______

　　Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. (45)______His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.

　　There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment.

　　請(qǐng)寫出43題正確答案。

　　AThey do not easily degrade or dissolve in water. A variety of side effects may occur with sulphonamide intake, including nausea, vomiting, headache, and loss of appetite; more severe effects include blood disorders, skin rashes, and fever.

　　BAnd manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says. These manures may be used for as fertilizers for vegetables and crops, and end up in people's dinner table, causing a chain effect.

　　CAnimal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid. Although over the last three decades there has been concern over the problem of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens, leading to recent widespread debate about these problems.

　　DBut recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people. The routine feeding of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention contributes to the presence of resistant bacteria.

　　EHis findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed. Given the growing evidence of the dangers, many countries have banned or severely restricted antibiotics in animal feed including Australia, France and Switzerland.

　　FThey could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields. Therefore, adding antibiotics to animal feed poses a serious risk to human health.

　　GWould it be necessary for me to mention my insane aversion to bugs at this time? Most antibiotics sold in the U.S. go to animals, mostly in their feed, where they act as a growth promoter and damp down infection outbreaks in large feedlots.

　　參考答案：B

　　[單選題]

　　Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language.It is also the variety which is normally 1______ by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other 2______ situations.The difference between standard and nonstandard，it should be noted，has 3______ in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial 4______;standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants.

　　5______，the standard variety of English is based on the London 6______ of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted from the removal of the Court from Winchester to London.This dialect became the one 7______ by the educated，and it was developed and 8______ as a model，or norm，for wider and wider segments of society.It was also the 9______ that was carried overseas，but not one unaffected by such export.Today，10______ English is 11______ to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary of English are much the same everywhere in the world where English is used;12______ among local standards is really quite minor，13______ the Singapore，South Africa，and Irish varieties are really very 14______ different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are 15______.Indeed，Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous 16______ on all local varieties，to the extent that many of long 17______ dialects of England have lost much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be 18______.This latter situation is not 19______ to English ：it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are 20______ .But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national，even supranational (跨國(guó)的) ones.

　　This latter situation is not 19______ to English

　　Aunusual

　　Bparticular

　　Cunique

　　Dtypical

　　參考答案：C

　　[單選題]

　　The majority of people，about nine out of ten，are right-handed. 1______ until recently，people who were left-handed were considered 2______，and once children showed this tendency they were forced to use their right hands.Today left-handedness is generally 3______，but it is still a disadvantage in a world 4______ most people are right-handed.For example，most tools and implements are still 5______ for right-handed people.

　　In sports by contrast，doing things with the left hand or foot，is often a( n)6______.Throwing，kicking，punching or batting from the “7______” side may result in throwing off many opponents who are more 8______ to dealing with 9______ of players who are right-handed.This is why，in many 10______ at a professional level，a 11______ proportion of players are left-handed than in the population as a whole.

　　The word “right” in many languages means “correct” or is 12______ with lawfulness whereas the words 13______ with “l(fā)eft”，such as “sinister”，generally have 14______ associations.Moreover，among a number of primitive peoples，there is a close association 15______ death and the left hand.

　　In the past，in 16______ Western societies，children were often forced to use their right hands，especially to write with.In some cases the left hand was 17______ behind the child’s back so that it could not be used.If，in the future，they are 18______ to choose，there will certainly be more left-handers，and probably 19______ people with minor psychological disturbances as a result of being forced to use their 20______ hand.

　　and probably 19______ people

　　Ano

　　Bmore

　　Ceater

　　Dfewer

　　參考答案：D

　　[單選題]Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It___1___in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then___2___starts to slowly decline as we age. But___3___aging is inevitable. scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

　　One study found that muscle loss and the___4___of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the___5___that lifestyle factors might help prevent or___6___this type of decline.

　　The researchers looked at data that___7___measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and___8___that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people___9___higher measures of abdominal fat___10___worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years___11___.

　　For women, the association may be___12___to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be___13___. It is hoped that future studies could___14___these differences and perhaps lead to different for men and women.

　　___16___, there are steps you can___17___to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental___18___. The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your___19___of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style___20___that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

　　17應(yīng)選()。

　　Achange

　　Bwatch

　　Ccount

　　Dtake

　　參考答案：D

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