People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

　　To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .

　　1. [A]grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers

　　2. [A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external

　　3. [A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external

　　4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all

　　5. [A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless

　　6. [A] in [B] on [C]to [D] for

　　7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless

　　8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C]share [D]test

　　9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success

　　10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified

　　11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise

　　12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured

　　13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged

　　14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took

　　15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather

　　16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced

　　17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below

　　18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate

　　19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard

　　20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful

　　參考答案：

　　1. A. grants

　　2. D. external

　　3. C. picture

　　4. A. For example

　　5. B. fearful

　　6. B. on

　　7. A. if

　　8. D. test

　　9. D. success

　　10. A. chosen

　　11. D. otherwise

　　12. C. conducted

　　13. B. rated

　　14. D. took

　　15. B. then

　　16. C. marked

　　17. A. before

　　18. C. drop

　　19. B. undo

　　20. C. necessary

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