Scientists typically submit their papers to the editorial board of a journal specializing in a particular field of research. 1 the paper is accepted for publication, the editorial board sends it out for peer review. During this procedure a panel of experts, or referees, 2 the paper, judging whether or not the research has been carried 3 in a fully scientific manner. If the referees are satisfied, publication 4 . If they have 5 , some of the research may have to be repeated, but if they 6 serious flaws, the entire paper may be rejected for publication.

　　The peer-review process plays a critical role because it 7 high standards of scientific method. 8 , it can be a controversial area, as it allows 9 views to become involved. Because scientists are human, they cannot avoid 10 personal opinions about the value of each other’s work. Furthermore, because referees 11 to be senior figures, they may be less than welcoming to new or unorthodox ideas.

　　Once a paper has been accepted and published, it becomes part of the vast and 12 body of scientific knowledge. In the early days of science, new research was always published in printed form, but today scientific information spreads by many different 13 . Most major journals are now available via the Internet, which makes them quickly 14 to scientists all over the world.

　　When new research is published, it often acts as a springboard for further work. Its impact can then be 15 by seeing how 16 the published research appears as a cited work. Major scientific breakthroughs are cited thousands of times a year, but at the other 17 , obscure pieces of research may be cited 18 or not at all. However, citation is not always a 19 guide to the value of scientific work. Sometimes a piece of research will go largely 20 , only to be rediscovered in subsequent years.

　　1. [A] When [B] Before [C] Since [D] If

　　2. [A] supervise [B] assess [C] value [D] administer

　　3. [A] over [B] off [C] on [D] out

　　4. [A] goes ahead [B] keeps up [C] takes over [D] turns up

　　5. [A] conceptions [B] expectations [C] reservations [D] limitations

　　6. [A] address [B] justify [C] identify [D] suppress

　　7. [A] assures [B] ensures [C] confides [D] guarantees

　　8. [A] Therefore [B] Hence [C] Indeed [D] However

　　9. [A] objective [B] sensitive [C] subjective [D] competitive

　　10. [A] developing [B] injecting [C] expressing [D] transmitting

　　11. [A] intend [B] tend [C] happen [D] fear

　　12. [A] ever-inflating [B] ever-expanding [C] ever-extending [D] ever-accelerating

　　13. [A] directions [B] times [C] versions [D] means

　　14. [A] amiable [B] accessible [C] agreeable [D] accountable

　　15. [A] gauged [B] counted [C] concealed [D] calculated

　　16. [A] soon [B] far [C] often [D] long

　　17. [A] point [B] aspect [C] extreme [D] level

　　18. [A] frequently [B] oddly [C] rarely [D] occasionally

　　19. [A] reliable [B] available [C] identifiable [D] suitable

　　20. [A] undoubted [B] unexpected [C] unsuspected [D] unnoticed

　　1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A

　　11. B 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. C 18. C 19. A 20. D

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