The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented，and policymakers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.That there exist differences in income between whites and blacks is clear，but it is not so clear that these differences are solely the result of racial discrimination in employment.The two groups differ in productivity，so basic economics dictates that their incomes will differ. 　　To obtain a true measure of the effect of racial discrimination in employment it is necessary to adjust the gross black/white income ratio for these productivity factors.White women in urban areas have a higher educational level than black women and can be expected to receive larger incomes.Moreover，State distribution of residence is important because blacks are overrepresented in the South，where wage rates are typically lower than elsewhere and where racial differentials in income are greater.Also，blacks are over-represented in large cities，and incomes of blacks would be greater if blacks were distributed among cities of different sizes in the same manner as whites. 　　After standardization for the productivity factors，the income of black urban women is estimated to be between 108 and 125 percent of the income of white women.This indicates that productivity factors more than account for the actual white/black income differential for women.Despite their greater education，white women’s actual average income is only 2 to 5 percent higher than that of black women in the North.Unlike the situation of men，the evidence indicates that the money income of black urban women was as great as，or greater than，that of whites of similar productivity in the North，and probably in the United States as a whole. 　　At least two possible hypotheses may explain why the adjustment for productivity more than accounts for the observed income differential for women.First，there may be more discrimination against black men than against black women.The different occupational structures for men and women give some indication why this could be the case.Second，the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the intensity of discrimination against women differs little between whites and blacks.Therefore，racial discrimination adds little to effects of existing sex discrimination.These findings suggest that a black woman does not necessarily suffer relatively more discrimination in the labor market than does a white woman.Rather，for women，the effects of sexual discrimination are so pervasive that the effects of racial discrimination are negligible. 　　1.The primary purpose of the passage is to____. 　　[A] explain the reasons for the existence of income differentials between men and women 　　[B] show that racial discrimination against black women in employment is less important than sexual discrimination 　　[C] explore the ways in which productivity factors influence the earning power of black workers 　　[D] sketch a history of racial and sexual discrimination against black and female workers in the labor market 　　2.The difference between income levels for black and white women is____. 　　[A] less than that for black and white men 　　[B] greater than that for black and white men 　　[C] greater since black women are subject to more discrimination 　　[D] smaller since women can only do low-paying jobs 　　3.Which of the following best describes the logical relationship between the two hypotheses presented in the fourth paragraph? 　　[A] They may both be true since each phenomenon could contribute to the observed differential. 　　[B] They are contradictory，and if one is proved to be correct，the other is proved incorrect. 　　[C] They are independent of each other，and it is hard to establish any relationship between them. 　　[D] The two hypotheses are logically connected so that it is impossible to prove either one to be true without also proving the other to be true. 　　4.If the second hypothesis mentioned by the author is correct，a general lessening of discrimination against women should lead to a ____. 　　[A] higher white/black income ratio for women 　　[B] lower white/black income ratio for women 　　[C] lower female/male income ratio 　　[D] increase in the productivity of women 　　5.The author’s attitude toward racial and sexual discrimination in employment is one of____. 　　[A] apology [B] concern [C] indifference [D] indignation 　　1.[B] 文章最后一段是作者的結(jié)論，這段提到兩個假設，一是對男性黑人的歧視可能比對女性黑人的歧視更嚴重;二是對婦女的歧視在黑人和白人之間沒有多大區(qū)別。因此作者的結(jié)論是：就黑人婦女而言，種族歧視并沒有使性別歧視加重——黑人婦女并沒有受雙重歧視，由于對任何種族的婦女的歧視占主導地位，種族歧視的影響幾乎可以忽略不計了。 　　2.[A] 最后一段提到，有數(shù)據(jù)顯示支持如下假設：對婦女的歧視在白人和黑人之間差別不大，因此，種族歧視在性別歧視之外幾乎沒有再添加影響。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明：在勞動力市場上，黑人婦女不一定比白人婦女遭受更多的歧視，更確切地說，對婦女來說，性別歧視是如此廣泛存在，以至于種族歧視的影響可以忽略不計。 　　3.[A] 參閱第1題題解。 　　4.[A] 參閱第1題題解。 　　5.[B] 意為：關(guān)注。作者對黑人婦女在就業(yè)上可能存在的受歧視現(xiàn)象進行了實事求是的分析，并借助于數(shù)據(jù)進行了說明。作者的目的當然是找出根本原因，以便切實解決問題。從這個角度來看，作者對黑人婦女在工作中的地位是關(guān)心的。

　　二

　　It looked like a typical business meeting. Six men， neatly dressed in white shirts and ties filed into the boardroom of a small Jakarta company and sat down at a long table. But instead of consulting files or hearing reports， they closed their eyes and began to meditate， consulting the spirits of ancient Javanese kings. Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception. One of the meditators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed mainly at bringing the peace of mind that makes for good decision-making. But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise kings has also helped boost the profits of his five companies. 　　Mysticism and profits have come together since the 13th century introduction of Islam to Indonesia by Indian Moslem merchants. Those devout traders， called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God， ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java. Legends attribute magic power of foreknowledge to the Wali Ullah. These powers were believed to be gained through meditation and fasting. 　　Businessman Hadisiko said his group fasts and meditates all night every Thursday to become closer to God and to contact the spirits of the great men of the past. ‘If we want to employ someone at the managerial level， we meditate together and often the message comes that this man can’t hole onto money or he is untrustworthy. Or maybe the spirits will tell us he should be hired.‘ Hadiziko hastened to add that his companies also hold modern personnel management systems and that formal qualifications are essential for a candidate even to be considered. Perspective investments also are considered through mystic meditation. ’With the mind relaxed and open， it is easier to be objective in judging the risk of a new venture. Meditation and contact with the wisdom of the old leaders sharpens your own insight and intuition. Then you have to apply that intuition to the information you have and work hard to be successful. ‘ Mystic meditation helped reverse a business slide his companies experienced in the mid-1980. Operating with normal business procedures， he lost more than $ 3 millions in that year alone. Meditation brought back his peace of mind. Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability. The mysticism in Hadisiko’s boardroom is part of a growing movement in Indonesia called Kebatinan – the ‘search for the inner self.’ 　　One of his managers， Yusuf Soemado， who studied business administration at Harvard University， compared the idea of mystic management to western system of positive thinking. ‘Willpower and subconscious mind are recognized as important factors in business. Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics， Carnegie’s think and growth rates， or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation，‘ he said. 　　1.What is the most important factor in their doing business? 　　[A] Mysticism. 　　[B] Religion. 　　[C] Meditation. 　　[D] Investment. 　　2.Whom do they consult? 　　[A] The spirits of ancient Javanese kings. 　　[B] Wali Ullah. 　　[C] Old Kings. 　　[D] Carnegie. 　　3.Why did Hadisike hasten to add ‘his companies also hold modern personnel management systems…’? 　　[A] He thought Mysticism was not so good as expected. 　　[B] To show they too focused on qualifications. 　　[C] To show they hired qualified persons. 　　[D] To show the possibility of combination of the scientific management with religion. 　　4.According to the passage， the function of the meditation is 　　[A] to gain profit from the god. 　　[B] to gain peace of mind to make decision. 　　[C] to gain foreknowledge. 　　[D] to gain objective conclusion. 　　5.What does ‘operating with normal business procedures’ refer to? 　　[A] Adopting the western way of doing business. 　　[B] Ordinary way of doing business without meditation and fasting. 　　[C] Contact with God. 　　[D] Putting right persons in the right jobs. 　　Vocabulary 　　1.file into 魚貫而入，排隊進去 　　2.Jakarta 雅加達 　　3.meditate 沉思，冥想，反省 　　4.Java 爪哇 　　5.Javanese 爪哇的 　　6.mysticism 神秘主義 　　7.boost 促進，增加，提高 　　8.devout 虔誠的，熱誠的 　　9.appeal 向……呼吁，求助于，魅力 　　10.legend 傳說，神話 　　11.fasting 禁食，齋戒 　　12.hold onto 抓緊，保住 　　13.personnel management system 人事管理制度 　　14.perspective investment 遠景投資 　　15.venture投機，風險 　　16.sharpen 使……敏銳/尖銳，磨尖 　　17.business slide 買賣/企業(yè)滑坡，下滑 　　18.turn around 好轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)變 　　19.subconscious 下意識的，潛意識的 　　20.cybernetics 控制論 　　21.Carnegie 卡耐基 　　22.tap 開拓，選擇 　　難句譯注 　　1.Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception. 　　【參考譯文】在印尼神秘主義似乎涉及到印尼生活的各個方面，商業(yè)也不例外。 　　2.Those devout traders， called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God， ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java. 　　【參考譯文】這些虔誠的商人，叫做Wali Ullah，或者“接近主的人”，把他們的祈求呼吁跟爪哇當?shù)氐纳衩刂髁x相結(jié)合。他們通過這一途徑積極熱情地拓展商業(yè)買賣和宗教信仰。 　　3.Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability. 　　【參考譯文】恰當?shù)墓ぷ鲘徫皇褂煤线m的人選，對企業(yè)決策具有信心使形式好轉(zhuǎn)的關(guān)鍵。它給你帶來拓展和利潤。 　　4.Search for the inner self. 　　【參考譯文】探索內(nèi)心的自我。 　　5.Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics， Carnegie‘s think and growth rates， or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation. 　　【參考譯文】類似心理控制論、卡耐基思想、增長率、或者積極思考能力等觀點是西方開拓高智能的辦法，而我們是通過沉思冥想來和高智能聯(lián)系的。 　　寫作方法與文章大意 　　這是一篇新聞報導，講述印度尼西亞商人如何經(jīng)營公司。主要采用一般到具體寫作手法。一開始就點明他們以獨特的方式――不看文件，不聽匯報，而是閉上眼睛沉思，向古代帝王的精靈請示來經(jīng)營。這種神秘主義幾乎涉及印尼生活的各個領(lǐng)域，商業(yè)也不例外。后面每段都圍繞這一主題而寫。第二段寫來源。第三段，應用于商業(yè)方面的具體例子，第四段，和西方管理方法對比。 　　答案詳解 　　1.C 沉思。這在第一斷已有說明。 　　A. 神秘主義。是個總的概念，籠罩生活各方面。而不是具體的做法和重要因素。 B. 宗教。 D. 投資。 　　2.A 爪哇古代帝王之精靈。答案在第一段。 　　B. Wali Ullah是指印度穆斯林商人。這些虔誠的商人叫做Wali Ullah或者成為接近主的人。傳說神話也把先知的力量歸功于Wali Ullah.C. 老帝王。D. 卡耐基，1835-1919是生于蘇格蘭的美國鋼鐵工業(yè)家和慈善家。他有一套管理企業(yè)的辦法，稱為卡耐基思想。 　　3.B 他們也重視資歷、才能。這在第三段中第二行起，商人 Hadisiko講話清楚說明“如果我們要雇傭管理人員，我們就一起沉思，常常會有這種信息來臨：這個人不能管理錢財或者他不可靠。也可能神靈告訴我們應當雇傭他。接著他匆忙補充說他的公司也采用現(xiàn)代人事管理系統(tǒng)，即要考慮雇傭的人員最根本的條件仍是正式資歷”。 　　A. 他認為神秘主義不像想象中那么好。C. 表明他們雇傭人才。上下文說明，他所以補充是說明他們也重視資格。D. 表明科學管理和宗教結(jié)合的可能性。Hadisike語中沒有這種意思。但不能說他們雇傭人才不管宗教。 　　4.B 得到冷靜頭腦來決策。這在第三段后半部分講到。“遠景的投資也是通過神秘的沉思加以考慮。有著放松和開放的頭腦，易于客觀地判斷新投資的風險。沉思和過去領(lǐng)袖的接觸會是你的洞察力和感官變得敏銳�！钡谝欢蔚谖逍小捌渲幸晃怀了颊哒f每星期的沉思會主要目標是帶來一個平靜的頭腦，作出好決策�！� 　　A. 從上帝那里得到利潤。 C. 取得先知。不對，先知的能力歸于Wali Ullah.D. 得到客觀的結(jié)論。文內(nèi)只提到，頭腦放松容易客觀地判斷投資風險與否，并不是客觀的結(jié)論。 　　5.B 沒有沉思和齋戒的常規(guī)作生意。見第三段中，神秘的沉思幫助扭轉(zhuǎn)公司生意滑坡而正常買賣步驟，這一年就損失了300萬美元。這兩句對比的話說明B項內(nèi)容。 　　A. 采用西方買賣方式。文內(nèi)沒有點明正常就是西方方式。C. 和上帝接觸。D. 知人善任。