In general，our society is becoming one of the giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small we1l-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music，and by psychologists and“human relations”experts;yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he is bored with it.In fact，the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. 　　The worker and employee are anxious not only because they might find themselves out of a job，they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. 　　Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence.From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one‘s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness. 　　Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century“free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason—are the aims of social arrangements.Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man. 　　1.By“a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to render the idea that man is____. 　　[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual‘s function is negligible 　　[B] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society，though functioning smoothly 　　[C] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society 　　[D] a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothly 　　2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that____. 　　[A] they are deprived of their individuality and independence 　　[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life 　　[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence 　　[D] they are likely to lose their jobs 　　3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those____. 　　[A]who are at the bottom of the society 　　[B]who are higher up in their social status 　　[C]who could keep far away from this competitive world 　　[D]who prove better than their fellow competitors 　　4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should____. 　　[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors 　　[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees 　　[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities 　　[D] take the fundamental realities for granted 　　5.The author s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of____. 　　[A]approval [B]tolerance 　　[C]suspicion [D]dissatisfaction

　　核心詞匯 　　ventilate Vt使通風(fēng) bore v.使厭煩 puppet，n.傀儡 tunen.曲調(diào)，調(diào)子 　　acquire vt獲得，學(xué)到 existence n.存在 mode n.方式，模式 　　難句點(diǎn)津 　　1.In general，our society is becoming one of the giant enterprises directed bv a bureaucratic lmanagement in which man becomes a small well—oiled cog in the machinery. [點(diǎn)津]句子的主干是Our societyisbecoming oneofthe giant enterprises，directedby之后的內(nèi)容是修飾enterprises的定語(yǔ)，which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾 enterprises 　　2.From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along.etc. ‘ 　　[點(diǎn)津]句子的主干是They are tested by the psychologists and by their superiors，其中psychologists 和superiors都帶有自己的定語(yǔ)從句。 　　總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我們的社會(huì)變成了一個(gè)官僚化管理的大型企業(yè)，其中的所有人都成了這臺(tái)機(jī)器中潤(rùn)滑良好的小齒輪。高工資、通風(fēng)良好的廠房和有線廣播的音樂(lè)用于潤(rùn)滑，心理學(xué)家和“人際關(guān)系”專(zhuān)家也用于潤(rùn)滑。然而所有這些潤(rùn)滑油都沒(méi)能改變這一事實(shí)，即人類(lèi)已經(jīng)變得無(wú)能為力并厭倦了“潤(rùn)滑油”。實(shí)際上，藍(lán)領(lǐng)和白領(lǐng)階層都變成了經(jīng)濟(jì)傀儡，隨著自動(dòng)化機(jī)器和官僚化管理的步調(diào)而起舞。 　　工人和雇員的焦慮不僅是由于他們可能會(huì)失業(yè)，還由于他們無(wú)法獲得生活的真正樂(lè)趣。終其一生，他們從未作為情感和理智上獨(dú)立的、富有創(chuàng)造性的人來(lái)面對(duì)生存的本質(zhì)。那些處于社會(huì)高層的人同樣焦慮，他們的生活和那些社會(huì)地位低于他們的人同樣空洞，甚至在某些方面更缺乏安全感。他們處在異常激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中。得到晉升還是落后于人，不是薪水的問(wèn)題，更多的是自尊的問(wèn)題。他們?cè)谏暾?qǐng)第一份工作時(shí)，就接受了智商測(cè)試，以及對(duì)是否兼有適當(dāng)?shù)姆�從和�?dú)立的素質(zhì)所進(jìn)行的考查。從那以后，他們不斷地被心理學(xué)家測(cè)試，對(duì)那些心理學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)測(cè)試是一筆大生意;他們還不斷接受上司的測(cè)試，以評(píng)判他們的行為、社交能力、與人相處的能力等。他們需要不斷地證明自己和同事一樣優(yōu)秀，或比同事更優(yōu)秀，這造成了持久的憂(yōu)慮和壓力，而憂(yōu)慮和壓力是苦惱和疾病的根源。 ‘ 　　我是在建議我們應(yīng)該回到前工業(yè)社會(huì)的生產(chǎn)模式或19世紀(jì)“自由企業(yè)”的資本主義嗎?當(dāng)然不是�；氐绞湃サ臅r(shí)代永遠(yuǎn)不能解決問(wèn)題。我建議將社會(huì)體系由官僚化管理的工業(yè)制度轉(zhuǎn)換到人道主義的工業(yè)制度，前者以最大化的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)為最終目的，而后者的社會(huì)目的則是人及其潛能的全面發(fā)展。生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)只是實(shí)現(xiàn)該目的的手段，而不能讓它們統(tǒng)治人類(lèi)。 　　答案解析 　　1.B 推斷題。文章第一段指出，人成了社會(huì)大機(jī)器中微小的、潤(rùn)滑良好的齒輪，高工資和通風(fēng)良好的廠房便是潤(rùn)滑油，但事實(shí)上人是無(wú)能為力的，藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人和白領(lǐng)階層都是毫無(wú)自主權(quán)的經(jīng)濟(jì)傀儡。由此推斷，雖然工作生活條件不錯(cuò)，但人在社會(huì)中卻是無(wú)足輕重的，故選B. 　　2.A 推斷題。文章第二段點(diǎn)明了工人和雇員憂(yōu)慮的原因，分析上下文可知，其真正原因是情感與理智上獨(dú)立的、富有創(chuàng)造性的個(gè)人生存狀態(tài)被忽視，故選A.選項(xiàng)B、D只是部分原因，不全面;C項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容相悖。 　　3.C 推斷題。由文章可知，社會(huì)底層者、社會(huì)上層者和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的勝利者都無(wú)法脫離充滿(mǎn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的生存環(huán)境，因而都生活在各種各樣的憂(yōu)慮與壓力之中，所以都無(wú)幸�？裳�，只有遠(yuǎn)離這個(gè)充滿(mǎn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的社會(huì)的人才可能獲得幸福，故選C. 　　4.C 推斷題。文章最后一段給出了解決現(xiàn)有社會(huì)問(wèn)題的建議，即改革現(xiàn)有的工業(yè)制度，在新的工業(yè)制度中，人及其自身潛能的全面發(fā)展將是社會(huì)的目標(biāo)，故選C.A項(xiàng)是作者在最后一段中表明不同意的觀點(diǎn)，應(yīng)排除;B項(xiàng)是維持工業(yè)制度正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的手段之一，而不是解決社會(huì)問(wèn)題的建議，應(yīng)排除;D項(xiàng)與原文不符，也應(yīng)排除。 　　5.D 態(tài)度題。文章最后一段提到，作者建議將社會(huì)體系由官僚政治管理的工業(yè)制度過(guò)渡到人道主義的工業(yè)制度，由此可知，作者對(duì)現(xiàn)有工業(yè)制度的態(tài)度是不滿(mǎn)的，故選D.A、B、C都與原文不符。

　　二.

　　When Gina Garro and Brian Duplisea adopted 4-month-old Andres from Colombia last month， they were determined to take time off from work to care for him. Six years ago， after their daughter， Melina， was born， the family scraped by on Duplisea s $36，000 salary as a construction worker so Garro， a special-education teacher， could stay home. Now， since Garro s job furnishes the family health insurance， she ll head back to work this fall while Duplisea juggles diapers and baby bottles. His boss agreed to the time off——but he will have to forgo his $18-an-hour pay. It won t be easy. Though Garro s $40，000 salary will cover their mortgage， the couple will have to freeze their retirement accounts， scale back on Melina s after-school activities——and pray that nothing goes wrong with the car. “It takes away from your cushion and your security，” says Garro. “Things will be tight.” 　　The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro s， offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns， tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives. But while the law guarantees that workers won t lose their jobs， it doesn t cover their paychecks. One survey last year showed that while 24 million Americans had taken leaves since 1999， 2.7 million more wanted to， but couldn t afford it. That may change soon. In response to increasing demands from voters， at least 25 states are now exploring new ways to offer paid leave. One possibility： tapping state disability funds. A handful of states——New York， New Jersey， California， Rhode Island and Hawaii——already dip into disability money to offer partial pay for women on maternity leave. But that doesn t help dads or people caring for elderly parents. New Jersey and New York may soon expand disability programs to cover leave for fathers and other caretakers. Thirteen states， including Arizona， Illinois and Florida， have proposed using unemployment funds to pay for leave. 　　Massachusetts has been especially creative. When the state s acting governor， Jane Swift， gave birth to twin daughters in May， she drew attention to the issue with her own “working maternity leave”： she telecommuted part-time but earned her usual full-time salary. Even before Swift returned to work last week， the state Senate unanimously passed a pilot plan that would use surplus funds from a health-insurance program for the unemployed to give new parents 12 weeks off at half pay. Another plan， proposed in the House， would require employers to kick in $20 per worker to set up a “New Families Trust Fund.” Businesses would get tax credits in return. This week Swift is expected to announce her own paid-leave plan for lower-income mothers and fathers. Polls show widespread public support——another reason Swift and other politicians across the country have embraced the issue. 　　Still， not everyone s wild about the idea. People without children question why new parents——the first group to get paid leave under many of the proposed plans——should get more government perks than they do. Business groups are resistant to proposals that would raid unemployment funds; several have already filed suit to block them. As the economy slows， many companies say they can t afford to contribute to proposed new benefit funds either. Business lobbyists say too many employees already abuse existing federal family-leave laws by taking time off for dubious reasons or in tiny time increments. The proposed laws， they say， would only make matters worse. 　　For Garro and Duplisea， though， the new laws could make all the difference. As Melina fixes a peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich， Duplisea hugs a snoozing Andres against his T shirt. “We re trying to do the right thing by two kids， and we have to sacrifice，” Duplisea says. In Massachusetts and plenty of other states， help may be on the way. 　　1. From the first paragraph， we learn that __________________. 　　[A] Garro and Duplisea used to live a comfortable and easy life. 　　[B] Duplisea‘s boss is so considerate as to allow him to keep his job 　　[C] Garro can earn more money so she should go back to work. 　　[D] The couple have made a lot of sacrifices to take care of their children. 　　2. When Garro says “It takes away from your cushion and your security”， she means _____________________. 　　[A] it exhausts her family savings 　　[B] it plunges her family into financial trouble 　　[C] it deprives her children of health insurance 　　[D] it makes her feel insecure 　　3. If Garro lives in Massachusetts， she will ___________________. 　　[A] have 12 weeks off at half pay 　　[B] telecommute part-time but earn full-time salary 　　[C] leave her job without pay to take care of her kids 　　[D] get $20 from her employer for her leave 　　4. The word “perk” most probably means _______________. 　　[A] grant 　　[B] policy 　　[C] encouragement 　　[D] reward 　　5. The author‘s attitude towards paid leave seems to be that of _________________. 　　[A] opposition 　　[B] suspicion 　　[C] approval 　　[D] indifference

　　答案：DBAAC

　　篇章剖析 　　本文為說(shuō)明文，主要介紹帶薪請(qǐng)假政策的起因，制定和實(shí)施情況，以及所面臨的問(wèn)題和反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。文章首先以加羅一家的經(jīng)歷說(shuō)明停薪請(qǐng)假的人所面臨的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難。然后在第二，第三段介紹了一下各州針對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的解決方案。第四段介紹了反對(duì)者的態(tài)度和看法，最后一段再次以加羅一家的情況來(lái)說(shuō)明帶薪請(qǐng)假政策可能帶來(lái)的積極變化，并且呼應(yīng)了文章開(kāi)頭部分，以此作為結(jié)尾，使得全文層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。

　　詞匯注釋 　　scrape v. 勉強(qiáng)維持生計(jì);勉強(qiáng)通過(guò) 　　furnish v. 供應(yīng)， 提供 　　juggle v. 耍，弄 　　diaper n. 尿布 　　forgo v. 拋棄;放棄 　　cushion n. 緩沖，減輕或緩和不利后果的東西： 　　tap v. 開(kāi)發(fā);利用 　　maternity adj. 母性的，初為人母的孕婦的;適合于孕婦的，生小孩或成為母親的第一個(gè)月的 　　telecommute v. 遠(yuǎn)距離工作 　　pilot plan 試點(diǎn)方案 　　kick in 參與提供資金和其他幫助的活動(dòng)中去 　　tax credit 稅金免除 　　perk n. 額外津貼 　　raid v. 侵吞 　　lobbyist n. 院外活動(dòng)集團(tuán)成員;說(shuō)客 　　increment n. 增加， 增量

　　難句突破 　　1.The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro s， offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns， tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives. 　　主體句式：The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help… 　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句，既包括從句，也包括分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。be supposed to do something 表示“應(yīng)該做某事”，通常強(qiáng)調(diào)“義務(wù)，責(zé)任”等。safety net 原義是防止墜落受傷的“安全網(wǎng)”，在此引申為“安全保障”。 　　句子譯文：1993年頒布的《家庭醫(yī)療休假法》本來(lái)應(yīng)該幫助像加羅這樣的家庭，為那些請(qǐng)假照顧新生兒，治療重病或者照顧患病親人的員工提供一個(gè)安全保障。

　　題目分析

　　1. 答案為D，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。見(jiàn)第一段。為了照顧兩個(gè)孩子，這一對(duì)夫婦倆做出了許多選擇。這些選擇大都意味著做出一定犧牲，比如請(qǐng)假在家照顧孩子，收入減少，凍結(jié)養(yǎng)老金帳戶(hù)，減少孩子課外活動(dòng)開(kāi)支等。 　　2. 答案為B，屬判斷推理題。 從第一段列舉的事實(shí)來(lái)看，加羅夫婦不得不凍結(jié)養(yǎng)老金帳號(hào)，減少梅麗娜的課后活動(dòng)開(kāi)支——還要禱告汽車(chē)別出問(wèn)題�？梢�(jiàn)請(qǐng)假照顧孩子給他們帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。答案B正確。 　　3. 答案為A，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。內(nèi)容涉及馬薩諸塞州最近通過(guò)的一項(xiàng)議案。原文參照第三段第五行。 　　4. 答案為A，屬猜詞題。從第二，第三段的內(nèi)容來(lái)看，各州政府試圖動(dòng)用各種基金對(duì)請(qǐng)假照料新生嬰兒的父母進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)上的幫助，因此A項(xiàng)在意義上最符合。 　　5. 答案是C，屬推理判斷題。本文重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明了停薪請(qǐng)假人所面臨的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難，以及各州的解決方案。并在最后一段說(shuō)明帶薪請(qǐng)假政策可能帶來(lái)的積極變化。從材料的選擇來(lái)看，作者對(duì)于帶薪請(qǐng)假政策持積極的態(tài)度，所以答案C正確。

　　原文翻譯

　　上個(gè)月，吉納。加羅和布萊恩。杜普里希從哥倫比亞收養(yǎng)四個(gè)月大的安德烈時(shí)，這對(duì)夫婦決定請(qǐng)假照顧他。六年前，他們的女兒梅麗娜出生后，這家人靠著杜普里希作建筑工人每年36，000美元的薪水勉強(qiáng)度日，這樣，從事特殊教育教學(xué)的加羅就可以呆在家里照顧孩子。如今，因?yàn)榧恿_的工作能夠?yàn)榧彝ヌ峁┽t(yī)療健康保險(xiǎn)，她將在今年秋季回去工作，而讓杜普里希擺弄那些尿片和嬰兒奶瓶。他的老板同意他請(qǐng)假——但他必須為此放棄十八美元一小時(shí)的報(bào)酬。這可有些讓這個(gè)家庭犯難。雖然加羅40，000美元的年薪可以支付他們的抵押貸款，但夫婦倆卻不得不凍結(jié)他們的退休帳戶(hù)，減少梅麗娜的課后活動(dòng)開(kāi)支——還要禱告汽車(chē)別出問(wèn)題。“我們不再后顧無(wú)憂(yōu)，”加羅說(shuō)道：“生活會(huì)變得很拮據(jù)�！� 　　1993年頒布的《家庭醫(yī)療休假法》本來(lái)應(yīng)該幫助像加羅這樣的家庭，為那些請(qǐng)假照顧新生兒，治療重病或者照顧患病親人的員工提供一個(gè)安全保障�？墒�，法律雖然可以保證這些員工不至于丟掉工作，卻不能支付他們的薪水。去年的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，雖然從 1999年以來(lái)有4000萬(wàn)美國(guó)人請(qǐng)假，但還有270萬(wàn)想要請(qǐng)假，卻承受不起請(qǐng)假帶來(lái)的損失。要不了多久這種情況就會(huì)改變。目前至少有25個(gè)州正在探索提供帶薪休假的新途徑，以回應(yīng)選民日益增加的要求。一種可能就是利用州傷病基金。一些州——紐約州，新澤西，加利福尼亞，羅德島和夏威夷——已經(jīng)動(dòng)用傷病基金為請(qǐng)?jiān)挟a(chǎn)假的婦女提供部分工資。但這種舉措并不能幫助那些做父親的人和照料年邁父母的人。新澤西州和紐約州也許不久就會(huì)擴(kuò)大傷病基金計(jì)劃的覆蓋面，讓那些請(qǐng)假照料孩子的父親們和其他照料傷病親屬的人都能從中受益。包括亞利桑那州，伊利諾伊州和佛羅里達(dá)州在內(nèi)的十三個(gè)州已經(jīng)提議動(dòng)用失業(yè)基金來(lái)支付請(qǐng)假工資。 　　馬薩諸塞州的舉措尤具創(chuàng)意。當(dāng)該州的代理州長(zhǎng)，簡(jiǎn)。斯威夫特五月生下一對(duì)雙胞胎女兒的時(shí)候，她以自己“請(qǐng)產(chǎn)假”的方式引起人們對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的關(guān)注。她在家通過(guò)電腦終端遠(yuǎn)程工作，做的是兼職工作，拿的卻是全職的薪水。在她上周重返工作崗位之前，州參議院就一致通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)試點(diǎn)方案，允許動(dòng)用失業(yè)人員醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃的剩余基金，讓剛生了孩子的父母可以拿一半工資，請(qǐng)假12周。眾議院提議的另外一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃則要求雇主為每個(gè)員工增加20美元工資，以便設(shè)立一個(gè)“新家庭信托基金”。作為回報(bào)，商業(yè)企業(yè)可以獲得稅金免除。這一周，預(yù)計(jì)斯威夫特將宣布她本人針對(duì)低收入母親和父親提出的帶薪請(qǐng)假計(jì)劃。民意測(cè)驗(yàn)顯示了廣泛的公眾支持——這是斯威夫特和其他國(guó)內(nèi)政治家樂(lè)意解決這一問(wèn)題的另外一個(gè)原因。 　　不過(guò)，并不是所有人都熱衷這種想法。一些沒(méi)有子女的人質(zhì)疑為什么剛生了孩子的父母——他們是許多提案當(dāng)中第一批獲得帶薪請(qǐng)假待遇的人——得到的政府補(bǔ)貼比他們的多。商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)抵制動(dòng)用失業(yè)基金的提案;一些機(jī)構(gòu)甚至已經(jīng)提起訴訟以阻止這些提案獲得通過(guò)。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的減速，許多公司也說(shuō)他們無(wú)力為提議中的福利基金提供資金。商業(yè)企業(yè)的院外游說(shuō)成員說(shuō)有太多的員工已經(jīng)濫用現(xiàn)有的聯(lián)邦家庭醫(yī)療休假法，以許多可疑的借口請(qǐng)假，或者拖延一點(diǎn)請(qǐng)假時(shí)間。他們認(rèn)為該法律提案只會(huì)使情況變得更糟。 　　不過(guò)，對(duì)于加羅和杜普里希來(lái)說(shuō)，新的法律會(huì)使他們的境況大為不同。梅麗娜準(zhǔn)備一塊花生-黃油- 果凍三明治的時(shí)候，杜普里希把懷中打盹的安德烈抱在胸前�！拔覀冋�在努力為兩個(gè)孩子創(chuàng)造好的條件，所以不得不做出犧牲，”杜普里希說(shuō)。在馬塞諸塞州和其他許多州，也許很快人們就會(huì)得到這樣的幫助。