第二篇 句法

　　一、 主 要 句 式

　　(一) 知識(shí)概要

　　初中所學(xué)的句型一般要分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句�！￡愂鼍渲杏锌隙ň渑c否定句之分。其中可以分為以下五種：① 主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞。如：I arrived at six last night.② 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)，如：I bought a good English?Chinese Dictionary yesterday.③ 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 這樣可加雙賓語(yǔ)的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach.④ 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.⑤ 主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)，如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常見(jiàn)的句型中有There be…句型，表示存在某種事物，如：There is a map on the wall?其be動(dòng)詞的形式要與其后面相近的那個(gè)名詞相一致。要注意的是這種句型加入助動(dòng)詞后，也要保持be動(dòng)詞，不要換用have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.

　　在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中要注意主謂一致的問(wèn)題，即句子的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要相呼應(yīng)。要注意的有如下幾點(diǎn)：① 用and連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)，但如一人身兼兩職時(shí)則要用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演員。而 a singer and a dancer 則要譯為：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如： The news is good (news 為不可數(shù)名詞)。③ 有量詞時(shí)應(yīng)按量詞的數(shù)量計(jì)算;如： This pair of glasses is good? My glasses are broken. ④有些形單卻意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，如： People are coming here? 這樣的詞還有 Police， 如果要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)，應(yīng)講 a policeman。 兩個(gè)警察為 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen? ⑤　所有不定代詞 each， either， neither， one， the other， nobody， nothing， anyone， anything， someone， something … 要作為單數(shù)如： Someone is waiting for you?

　　在并列句中表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的連詞有： and not only … but also，　neither … nor，　either … or? 如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。

　　表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞有： but 和 yet， 如： She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如： I think the news is strange, yet it is true

　　表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞有：or， either … or，如： Hurry up, or you will be late for school?

　　表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有： for， so 如： They studied very hard， so they all passed the exam

　　在初中范圍復(fù)合句中主要有狀語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句(名詞性從句)兩種，而定語(yǔ)從句(形容詞性從句)要在高中講述，為了使同學(xué)閱讀文章方便，我們將 在下面另一章予以介紹。

　　我們首先來(lái)看賓語(yǔ)從句。①　在及物動(dòng)詞的后面可以接一個(gè)名詞來(lái)充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，如： I knew the man, 而這時(shí)也可以用一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，如： I knew that he was a good man? 這時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有 that, (that 只在從句中起聯(lián)接作用，不在句中充當(dāng)語(yǔ)法成分，既不是主語(yǔ)也不是賓語(yǔ)，所以在口語(yǔ)中常常被省略。如： I am sure (that) she has passed the exam? ②if, whether 它們?cè)谫e語(yǔ)從句中只起連接作用，不起語(yǔ)法作用，當(dāng)作是否講。從句中有 or not 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要用 whether, 如： I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch? I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not? �、邸�what 它在賓語(yǔ)從句中除了作連接詞外，還要作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)成份，如： I don't understand what you said? (what 作 said 的賓語(yǔ))。又如： I asked him what made him sick (what 在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ))。④　who，它也和what一樣，在句中除作連接詞外，可以充當(dāng)句中的成份，如：I know who she is looking for? ⑤　whose 如： I want to know whose book this is? ⑥　which 如： Do you know which book is mine?

　　在連接詞中還有4個(gè)常用的連接副詞，①　how 它的應(yīng)用最廣，如： how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old …。如： How much does it cost? ②　when 它只是連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如： Please tell me when the meeting will begin? ③　where 它連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，如： Where are you from? ④　why 它要連接的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句，如： The teacher asked why Tom didn't come to school.

　　在考試中常見(jiàn)到的考點(diǎn)是：　賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)問(wèn)題。①　主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)��?lái)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可以是任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)， 如： I know he didn't come. 我知道他沒(méi)來(lái)。 I know he will come tomorrow? 我知道他明天來(lái)。I know he has gone to London? 我知道他已去倫敦了。�、凇≈骶渲械闹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句也要用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)中的某一種。比如： 一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)。除了在表達(dá)宇宙中的客觀真理時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如： I wanted to know when he would come? The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun

　　狀語(yǔ)從句主要有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，其連接詞有：after， before， when， as， as soon as， until (till)， while， since， by?其中較難掌握的有以下幾點(diǎn)：�、佟�until (till) 直到，在用 until 表達(dá)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子中，主句中的動(dòng)詞是要十分小心去選擇。如動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，它要用肯定句，如： I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果動(dòng)詞是瞬間截止性動(dòng)詞，則要用否定句，如： He didn't go to bed until his mother came back? ?②　由?since， for， by， before 來(lái)引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始時(shí)間，如： I have studied English since 1990? 而由 by 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常是動(dòng)作的結(jié)束時(shí)間，如： I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term? 而before 則多用于完成時(shí)， ago 則多用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如： He had finished his work before twelve yesterday? I left my hometown two years ago? ③　在狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示將來(lái)。它們可能是主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如： If it rains, they won't go to the park　on Sunday? 也可以主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，如： He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park?

　　考試中常見(jiàn)的考點(diǎn)有：要學(xué)生區(qū)別是條件、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句還是賓語(yǔ)從句，因在賓語(yǔ)從句中該用什么時(shí)態(tài)用什么時(shí)態(tài)，如： I want to know if he will come here tomorrow? 在賓語(yǔ)從句中的條件狀語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系，如： I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow

　　在原因狀語(yǔ)從句中主要是①　because， 應(yīng)譯為"因?yàn)?。它表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最強(qiáng)，如： He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard? ②　since 應(yīng)譯為"既然"，如： Since you were ill yesterday? I left some notes on your desk? ③　as 應(yīng)譯為"由于"，如： As it is too hot we'd better go swimming? since 與 as 所表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)比 because 弱得多。而 for 表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最弱。它不能用于句首，如： He studies hard, for he wants to go to college?

　　在比較狀語(yǔ)從句中有同級(jí)比較 as … as， 如： This book is as good as that one? 要注意的有兩點(diǎn)：①　as … as 中間要用原級(jí)而不是比較級(jí)。②　用形容詞還是副詞，如： Mary writes as carefully as Tom? 而其否定句為 not as (so) … as， 如： They didn't work so hard as we did, 而不同級(jí)比較用比較級(jí)加 than, 如： He is younger than I am? 要注意的是表示"越來(lái)越"這一概念時(shí)有兩個(gè)句型：①　比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)，如： The days are getting longer and longer? The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful? ②　定冠詞 the + 比較級(jí)+ the + 比較級(jí)，如： The harder you study, the more you can learn?　方式狀語(yǔ)中要注意的是as (連詞)與 like (介詞)的區(qū)別。 as 作為連詞其后接從句，如： Please do it as I did it? 但后面的句子常作省略，如： Please do it as I? 而 like 是介詞，其后要接的是賓語(yǔ)，如： Please do it like me

　　結(jié)果和目的狀語(yǔ)從句主要有 so … that， so that， in order that等幾種用法。①　so … that?用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，so + 形容詞 + a + 名詞 + that，如： She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her? 或用 such + a + 形容詞 + 名詞 + that, 如： She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her? ②　在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前只能用 such， 如： It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic? 又如： They are such good players that they should win the game.�、邸≡趍uch， many， few， little 之前只能用so， 如： I have so little money that I can't buy it? ④　so … that 之間只有形容詞時(shí)，則不能用 such， 如： It is so good that I want to buy? ⑤　so that 其后接從句，如： I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus?

　　(二)　正誤辨析

　　[誤] The stories in that book was written many years ago?

　　[正] The stories in that book were written many years ago.

　　[析] 作主語(yǔ)的名詞、代詞或不定式、動(dòng)名詞，它們往往要帶有修飾詞，這些詞可能是形容詞，也可能是短語(yǔ)，但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是要取決于這個(gè)主語(yǔ)的數(shù)，要記住的是一個(gè)名詞不可能在同一句中作兩個(gè)不同的語(yǔ)法成份，如： book 作了 of 的介詞賓語(yǔ)則不可能再作主語(yǔ)了。

　　[誤] To read many books are good for you?

　　[正] To read many books is good for you?

　　[析] 不定式作主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該看作單數(shù)主語(yǔ)。

　　[誤] What he said are right?

　　[正] What he said is right?

　　[析] 從句作主語(yǔ)一定要按單數(shù)主語(yǔ)看待。

　　[正] The rich is not always happy?

　　[誤] The rich are not always happy?

　　[析] 形容詞+定冠詞表示一類人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)，如： The young are very interested in study and sports?

　　[誤] The school master and writer are coming?

　　[正] The school master and writer is coming?

　　[析] 本句應(yīng)譯為：校長(zhǎng)兼作家就要來(lái)了。而 The school master and the writer are coming? 則要譯為：校長(zhǎng)和一個(gè)作家要來(lái)了。在英語(yǔ)表達(dá)法中確實(shí)有 The girl and boy are playing on the grass? 這應(yīng)譯為：一個(gè)女孩，一個(gè)男孩在操場(chǎng)上玩。因?yàn)椴豢赡苓@樣兩個(gè)概念作用在一個(gè)人身上。又如： the husband and wife? 夫妻二人。

　　[誤] You or she go to get some water for us?

　　[正] You or she goes to get some water for us?

　　[析] 由 or 連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)應(yīng)以離謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞近的那一個(gè)計(jì)算其數(shù)。這樣的用法還有 either … or，neither … nor， not only … but also 也有人稱作"就近原則"。

　　[誤] The teacher with a lot of students come into the classroom?

　　[正] The teacher with a lot of students comes into the classroom?

　　[析] 真正的主語(yǔ)是 the teacher， 而 with 短語(yǔ)是伴隨狀態(tài)，不影響主語(yǔ)的數(shù)。

　　[誤] My glasses is broken?

　　[正] My glasses are broken?

　　[誤] This pair of glasses are good?

　　[正] This pair of glasses is good?

　　[誤] These kinds of butter is good.

　　[正] These kinds of butter are good?

　　[析] 英語(yǔ)中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如： glasses 眼鏡， shorts 短褲等。如沒(méi)有量詞在前時(shí)，要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但有了量詞之后則要按量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)計(jì)算。

　　[誤] One of the boys are going to take part in the match?

　　[正] One of the boys is going to take part in the match?

　　[析] One of 結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)以 one 來(lái)計(jì)算主語(yǔ)的數(shù)。

　　[誤] Half of the work are done?

　　[正] Half of the work is done?

　　[誤] Half of the books is read?

　　[正] Half of the books are read?

　　[析] 在小于1的數(shù)量詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如： 2 3 ，80%，0.35… + of +名詞，這時(shí)主語(yǔ)的數(shù)應(yīng)按 of 后面的名詞計(jì)算。如果名詞是不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如名詞是復(fù)數(shù)則要用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

　　[誤] Each sides are full of trees?

　　[正] Each side is full of trees?

　　[誤] Both side is full of trees?

　　[正] Both sides are full of trees?

　　[析] each， either 其后都要加單數(shù)名詞，而 both 后要加復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 如： each， either， another， little， a little， much等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部要用單數(shù)形式。

　　[誤] The boys each has an apple?

　　[正] The boys each have an apple?

　　[析] each 作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，不影響句子的主語(yǔ)。

　　[誤] Everyone of us has a ticket for the concert?

　　[正] Every one of us has a ticket for the concert?

　　[析] everyone， someone， everybody … 在作主語(yǔ)時(shí)都不能加 of 結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　[誤] Girls like dancing very much， but few likes playing football?

　　[正] Girls like dancing very much， but few like playing football?

　　[析] few 雖然含意上是"幾乎沒(méi)有"，但作主語(yǔ)時(shí)仍要當(dāng)作復(fù)數(shù)。

　　[誤] The number of the workers in that factory are two hundred?

　　[正] The number of the workers in that factory is two hundred?

　　[析] the number of 意為：某某的數(shù)字是…… 如： the number of students 學(xué)生人數(shù)， the number of players 運(yùn)動(dòng)員人數(shù)。不論數(shù)字如何都應(yīng)看作單數(shù)。而 a number of 與 many 意思相同，其后加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： A number of students are playing on the grass?

　　[誤] The rest of the students is here?

　　[正] The rest of the students are here?

　　[誤] The rest of the work are done?

　　[正] The rest of the work is done?