六、 介 詞

　　(一) 知識概要

　　介詞在英語中用法很活，也無一定規(guī)律可循。在初中范圍內(nèi)還應(yīng)學(xué)一個記住一個，特別是那些和動詞的特殊搭配。這樣長期下去不斷學(xué)習(xí)自然會總結(jié)出一套自己的規(guī)律來。下面是一般的規(guī)律，可幫助學(xué)習(xí)時參考，千萬不要作為定律去背誦，照搬。

　　介詞 表示時間 表示地點(diǎn)方位 表示原因方式 其 他

　　about 大約在……時間 about five o'clock 在周圍，大約多遠(yuǎn) about five kilometres 關(guān)于、涉及

　　talk about you

　　above 高出某一平面

　　above sea level

　　across 橫過 walk across the street對面 across the street

　　after 在……之后

　　after supper

　　跟……后面

　　one after another

　　追趕

　　run after you

　　against 背靠逆風(fēng)

　　against the wall, against the wind

　　反對

　　be against you

　　among 三者以上的中間

　　among the trees

　　at 在某時刻

　　at ten

　　在小地點(diǎn)

　　at the school gate

　　表示速度

　　at high speed

　　向著，對著

　　at me

　　before 在……之前

　　before lunch

　　位于……之前

　　sit before me

　　behind 位于……之后

　　behind the tree

　　below 低于……水平

　　below zero

　　不合格

　　below the standard

　　by 到……時刻，在……時刻之前

　　by five o'clock

　　緊挨著

　　site by site

　　乘坐交通工具by air, by bick 被由

　　was made by us

　　during 在……期間during the holidays

　　for 延續(xù)多長時間

　　for five years

　　向……去

　　leave for Shanghai 為了，對于

　　be good for you

　　from 從某時到……某時 from morning till night 來自何方

　　from New York

　　由某原料制成be made from

　　來自何處

　　where are you from

　　in 在年、月、周較長時間內(nèi) in a week 在里面

　　in the room

　　用某種語言 in English 穿著

　　in red

　　into 進(jìn)入……里面

　　walk into

　　除 分

　　divide into

　　變動

　　turn into water

　　near 接近某時 near five years 在……附近 near the park

　　of 用某種原料制成

　　be made of

　　屬于……性質(zhì)

　　a map of U. S .A

　　on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在……上面

　　on the desk 靠吃……為生live on rice 關(guān)于 a book on Physics

　　over 渡過一整段時間 work over night 在上方

　　over the desk

　　超過， 高于 over five pairs

　　past 超過某一時刻

　　ten past five

　　經(jīng)過某地

　　walk past the park

　　since 從某時以來

　　since 1980

　　原因

　　Since you were ill

　　through 經(jīng)過某一時期 through his life 通過、穿過某地

　　through the forest

　　till until 直到某時為止 till five o'clock

　　to 差多少時間

　　five to ten

　　問，到，去往

　　to Shanghai

　　面對面

　　face to face

　　給予give a book to me

　　under 在……下面

　　under the desk

　　少于

　　under ten

　　在……管制之 下 under the rule

　　with 用某種工具 with a pen 帶著，具有

　　with me

　　without 沒有

　　without air

　　(二) 正誤辨析

　　[誤] We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.

　　[正] We got to the top of the mountain at day break.

　　[析] at用于具體時刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。

　　[誤] Don't sleep at daytime?

　　[正] Don't sleep in daytime.

　　[析] in 要用于較長的一段時間之內(nèi)，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。

　　[誤] We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.

　　[正] We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.

　　[析] in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在這兩個短語中加入任何修飾詞其前面的介詞都要改為on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th

　　[誤] He became a writter at his twenties?

　　[正] He became a writter in his twenties?

　　[析] 這句話應(yīng)譯為：他在20多歲時就成了作家。在某人的一段生活時間段中要用介詞in來表示，而在具體歲數(shù)時用at來表示。

　　[誤] He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.

　　[正] He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.

　　[析] 在具體年歲前用at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age， 等等。

　　[誤] We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.

　　[正] We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.

　　[析] 具體某一天要用介詞on, 又如：on New Year's Day

　　[誤] I'm looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.

　　[正] I'm looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.

　　[析] 在節(jié)日的當(dāng)天用on，而全部節(jié)日期間用at,Christmas是圣誕節(jié)期間，一般要有兩周或更長的時間。

　　[誤] I haven't see you during the summer holidays.

　　[正] I haven't seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.

　　[析] during表示在某一段時間之內(nèi)，所以一般不與完成時搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段時間，可以用于完成時，如：I haven't see you for a long time. 而through 用來表示時間時則為"整整，全部的時間"。如：It rained through the night.　而since則是表達(dá)主句動作的起始時間，一般要與完成時連用。

　　[誤] At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

　　[正] On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

　　[析] On 加動名詞表示"一……就"。本句的譯文應(yīng)是：我一進(jìn)入教室就聽見這個好消息了。又如：on hearing… 一聽見， on arrival 一到達(dá)就……(on表示動作的名詞)

　　[誤] In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

　　[正] At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

　　[析] at the begining與at the end都是指某事物的開始與結(jié)束部分，均不指時間范圍，而in the beginning 則是指開始一段時間。in the end=at last是指"最終，終于"之意。

　　[誤] Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

　　[正] By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

　　[析] by 引起的時間狀語表示了動作的截止點(diǎn)，其意思為"不遲于某一時刻將工作做完"，所以主句一般是完成時態(tài)。當(dāng)然可以有將來時態(tài)，如：I'll be there by five o'clock.而till則表達(dá)其一動作一直持續(xù)到某一時刻，但句中的動詞一定要用持續(xù)性動詞，而瞬間的截止性動詞應(yīng)用其否定句式，如：I won't finish this work till(until) next weekend.

　　[誤] He came to London before last weekend.

　　[正] He had come to London before last weekend.

　　[正] He came to London two weeks ago.

　　[析] before 一般要與完成時連用，而ago則與一般過去時連用。

　　[誤] I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.

　　[正] I have studied English for three years since I came here.

　　[析] since用來表達(dá)主句動作的開始時間，所以其引出的從句中應(yīng)為過去時，而不能用完成時態(tài)

　　[誤] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.

　　[正] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.

　　[析] 中文經(jīng)常講兩小時之后來取，兩天內(nèi)會修好，而這個介詞在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，①after 多用于過去時，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加時間是表達(dá)一個不確定的時間范圍，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在許諾若干時間內(nèi)會完成某事時，一定要用介詞in。

　　[誤] Three days after he died.

　　[正] After three days he died.

　　[正] Three days later he died.

　　[析] after 與 later都可以用來表達(dá)一段時間之后，但它們所處的位置不同，after 在時間詞前，而later在時間詞后。

　　[誤] She hid herself after the tree.

　　[正] She hid herself behind the tree.

　　[析] after多用來表達(dá)某動作之后，所以有的語法書中稱它為動態(tài)介詞，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind則多用于靜態(tài)事物之后。

　　[誤] There is a beautiful bird on the tree.

　　[正] There is a beautiful bird in the tree.

　　[析] 樹上長出的果實(shí)，樹葉要用on, 而其他外來的人、物體均要用in the tree.

　　[誤] Shanghai is on the east of China.

　　[正] Shanghai is in the east of China.

　　[析] 在表達(dá)地理位置時有3個介詞：in, on, to。 in表示在某范圍之內(nèi); on表示與某地區(qū)接壤;to則表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China.

　　[誤] I arrived at New York on July 2nd.

　　[正] I arrived in New York on July 2nd.

　　[析] at用來表達(dá)較小的地方，而in用來表達(dá)較大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。

　　[誤] He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.

　　[正] He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.

　　[析] 在門牌號碼前要用at, 并要注意它的慣用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。

　　[誤] There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.

　　[正] There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.

　　[析] 在屋內(nèi)的角落應(yīng)用in，而墻的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.

　　[誤] This weekend I'll stay in Uncle Wang's.

　　[正] This weekend I'll stay at Uncle Wang's.