四、 形容詞、副詞

　　(一) 知識概要

　　形容詞的用法很活躍，在英語中用處也很多，但英語中修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語和詞組有時不同，要特別加以注意。下面將初中學(xué)習(xí)階段中遇到的修飾可 數(shù)名詞的詞和詞組歸納如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或詞組如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of�！∑渲衧ome, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞�！∮⒄Z中形容詞與副詞有原級、比較級、最高級之分，其規(guī)則如下：

　　構(gòu)詞法 原 級 比較級 最高級 加er，或est Tall

　　young taller

　　younger

　　tallest

　　youngest

　　只加r或st nice

　　large

　　nicer

　　larger

　　nicest

　　largest

　　重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個輔音 字母時雙寫該字母加er、est big

　　fat

　　hot

　　bigger

　　fatter

　　hotter

　　biggest

　　fattest

　　hottest

　　不規(guī)則變化的形容詞或副詞：

　　原 級 比較級 最高級

　　good better best

　　Well better best

　　bad worse worst

　　badly worse worst

　　many more most

　　most more most

　　little less lest

　　far farther

　　further

　　farthest

　　furthest

　　old older

　　elder

　　oldest

　　eldest

　　要注意的是許多形容詞同時又是副詞，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容詞則要經(jīng)過一定變化才能轉(zhuǎn)為副詞，其規(guī)律如下：

　　構(gòu)詞法 形容詞 副 詞

　　一般加ly Careful

　　kind

　　carefully

　　kindly

　　尾是y時將y變成i加ly Happy

　　busy

　　easy

　　Happily

　　busily

　　easily

　　其 他 true

　　terrible

　　full

　　possible

　　shy

　　whole

　　truly

　　terribly

　　fully

　　possibly

　　shyly

　　wholly

　　在學(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意其變化。

　　此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級和最高級形容詞。能修飾比較級的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修飾最高級的有：the very, much the, far等。

　　(二) 正誤辨析

　　[誤] The young likes playing football very much.

　　[正] The young like playing football very much.

　　[析] 定冠詞加形容詞表示一類人，應(yīng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時則要看作單數(shù)，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美麗并不總代表善良。

　　[誤] The danger has gone, so the worst are over.

　　[正] The danger has gone, so the worst is over.

　　[析] 意為："危險已經(jīng)過去，最困難的狀況已結(jié)束。"用定冠詞加最高級形容詞作主語時應(yīng)看作單數(shù)形式。

　　[誤] It is the gold age of the young.

　　[正] It is the golden age of the young.

　　[析] golden在英語中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金發(fā)，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達(dá)金質(zhì)的，如：a gold bar金條，a gold coin金幣，但gold fish 金魚例外。

　　[誤] She is a warm heart woman.

　　[正] She is a warm?hearted woman.

　　[析] 英語形容詞的構(gòu)詞法很多，其中之一是由形容詞，或數(shù)詞，加名詞加ed構(gòu)成，如：　warm?hoarted 熱心腸的，white?haired 白毛的

　　[誤] There is an alive fish in the pool.

　　[正] There is a living fish in the pool.

　　[析] 在初中范圍內(nèi)所學(xué)到的以a字母開頭的形容詞一般不能作定語，只能作表語。如：The fish is alive.(魚還活著)這樣的形容詞有：alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。

　　[誤] The ill man nearly died.

　　[正] The sick man nearly died.

　　[析] ill一般不作定語來形容某人有病，而要用sick，但作表語時則都可以。如：He is ill sick, ill作定語時則另有他意，如：ill luck (厄運(yùn))，ill nature(天性惡劣),ill temper(心緒不好)

　　[誤] I have important something to tell you.

　　[正] I have something important to tell you.

　　[析] 不定代詞something, anyone, somebody…在用形容詞修飾時，形容詞應(yīng)放其后。但要注意thing則不是不定代詞，不符合上述規(guī)律。如：I have an important thing to tell you.

　　[誤] I'll be free on next Sunday.

　　[正] I'll be free next Sunday.

　　[析] 在表達(dá)將來時的時候：next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介詞。

　　[誤] The girl is two?year old.

　　[正] The girl is two years old.

　　[正] She is a two?year?old girl?

　　[析] 由連字符連接若干名詞、數(shù)詞……組成的形容詞，在學(xué)習(xí)時要記住兩點(diǎn)，其一是這些詞中的名詞都不要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：two?thousand?word report(兩千字的報告);其二是這樣構(gòu)成的形容詞只能作定語，即用于名詞之前，而不能作表語。

　　[誤] The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.

　　[正] The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.

　　[析] 在名詞前若有幾個形容詞作修飾語時，其順序如下。

　　1. 指示代詞，定冠詞 2. 數(shù)量詞 3. 性質(zhì)詞 4. 大小　 5. 形狀 6. 老少，新舊 7. 顏色 8. 材料

　　但要注意的是英語的習(xí)慣是一個名詞前的形容詞一般不要多于三個。

　　如： What a pretty little white horse!?

　　Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand.

　　[誤] The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.

　　[正] The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.

　　[析] good是形容詞，這里是修飾動詞speak的，所以應(yīng)用副詞well，但well作形容詞講時只作身體好。如：He is well.(他身體很好)。He is good.(他是個好人)。

　　[誤] The children play on the grass nappyly.

　　[正] The children play on the grass happily?

　　[析] 多音節(jié)y結(jié)尾的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~時應(yīng)將y變?yōu)閕再加ly.

　　[誤] The teacher looked angry at the students.

　　[正] The teacher looked angrily at the students.

　　[析] 英語中感觀動詞后面要接形容詞，這時它是修飾主語的，如：The food smells good.食物聞起來很香。The teacher looked angry 老師看起來很生氣�！� 而此句的意思為："老師生氣地看著學(xué)生"，所以應(yīng)用副詞形式。

　　[誤] He worked with me friendly.

　　[正] He was friendly to me.

　　[析] 不是所有結(jié)尾是ly的詞都是副詞，但friendly是形容詞，這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ovely, lonely, costly, lively…monthly weekly…。但其中有些詞既是副詞，又是形容詞，如：early, hourly, monthly…

　　[誤] You can speak free in front of your friends.

　　[正] You can speak freely in front of your friends.

　　[析] free作為形容詞意為"自由的，有空閑的，免費(fèi)的"。作為副詞講則是"免費(fèi)"之意。而freely作為副詞則是"自由的，隨便的"。這些要注意的詞還 有：　hard 努力，艱苦 hardly 幾乎不 late 遲，晚　lately 最近的，的 near 近 nearly 幾乎　like 像 likely 幾乎

　　[誤] They must have arrived till now.

　　[正] They must have arrived by now.

　　[析] by now是用于表達(dá)到目前為止某一動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以應(yīng)用瞬間動詞。而till now是強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，所以一定要用持續(xù)性動詞�！�must have+過去分詞是對過去某一事情所作的肯定推測。

　　[誤] Someone called you right now.

　　[正] Someone called you just now.

　　[析] just now有兩個意思，其一是"剛才"，其二是"現(xiàn)在"，而right now只能用于現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。just則用于完成時態(tài)，如： I have just finished my homework.

　　[誤] My father will be back from America at present.

　　[正] My father will be back from America presently.

　　[析] presently有兩個意思：其一是最近，不久，其二在美語中是現(xiàn)在之意，與at present相同。而for the present為暫時，如： I teach English in the school for the present.

　　[誤] I'll be back at the moment.

　　[正] I'll be back in a moment.

　　[析] at the moment 其意為"現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)時"，而in a moment意為"馬上過一會"，與in a minute意思相近。

　　[誤] The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time.

　　[正] The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time.

　　[析] on time為"準(zhǔn)時"，而in time有兩個含意。其一是"及時"，如：The doctor arrived in time。其二是"將來，終究"。

　　[誤] I met an old friend sometimes last month.

　　[正] I met an old friend sometime last month.

　　[析] Sometime 過去，或者將來某時�！�Sometimes 有時

　　如： Sometimes I go to school by bus.Some time 一些時間

　　如： I need sometime to do my homework.Some times 幾次

　　如： I went to Shanghai sometimes this month.

　　at times 有時，偶爾

　　at all times 經(jīng)常

　　some other time 改天

　　[誤] I had met an old friend three days ago.

　　[正] I had met an old friend three days before.

　　[正] I met an old friend three days ago.

　　* ago 用在時間狀語中時，主句中謂語動詞一般用過去時，而before用于時間狀語時則主句的謂語動詞宜用完成時態(tài)。

　　[誤] He studied very hard. and at the end he passed the exam.

　　[正] He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam.

　　[析] in the end=at last 意為"最終，終于"，表達(dá)經(jīng)過若干努力而達(dá)到的結(jié)果。而at the end是在某事的結(jié)束時如何如何，如：At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。

　　[誤] I will come here to help you each three days.

　　[正] I will come here to help you every three days.

　　[析] every three days 為"每三天"，即每隔二天，而every other day為每隔一天。

　　[誤] He didn't go to the cinema yesterday. and I didn't go, too.

　　[正] He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either.

　　[析] 英語中表示"也"，有4個字，also, as well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3個用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too與as well一般要用在句尾，而also則可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too. 又如： I've also read her other novels.

　　[誤] We should help the poor girl in anyway.

　　[正] We should help the poor girl in any way.

　　[析] anyway為"不管怎么"講，"無論如何"，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.

　　any way 為"任何方式"。這種常見的錯誤還發(fā)生在以下幾組詞中，如：

　　everyday 日常的 every day 每天

　　faraway 遙遠(yuǎn)的 far away 遠(yuǎn)離

　　altogether 總計 all together 一塊，大家一起

　　already 已經(jīng) all ready 全準(zhǔn)備好了

　　[誤] You can come to the doctor's at anytime.

　　[正] You can come to the doctor's at any time.

　　[析] anytime 是副詞 而any time中的time是名詞。

　　[誤] She said nearly nothing.

　　[正] She said almost nothing.

　　[析] nearly 與 almost的含意相近，在很多場合可以互換，但在否定詞前用almost。

　　[誤] There are too much mistakes in your homework.

　　[正] There are too many mistakes in your homework.

　　[析] too much 后接不可數(shù)名詞，如：There is too much water for the flowers. 而too many 后加可數(shù)名詞，much too 后面加形容詞，如：It is much too difficult to learn English well.

　　[誤] It is late enough that we can go home now.

　　[正] It is late enough for us to go home now.

　　[析] 要注意的是enough后面一般不接從句而接不定式，或不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for somebody to do something。

　　[誤] The twins are very alike.

　　[正] The twins are much alike.

　　[析] 用a為首字母的形容詞不能用very修飾，一般要用much來修飾。

　　[誤] - How long does he write to his parents??

　　- Once a week.

　　[正] - How often does he write to his parents??

　　- Once a week.

　　[析] 英文與中文表達(dá)法不同，隔多長時間辦一次某事，實(shí)際上問的是該事發(fā)生的頻率，所以要用how often。

　　[誤] As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call up you.

　　[正] As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call you up.

　　[析] 當(dāng)動詞詞組的賓語是人稱代詞時則一定要放于動詞之后，如果是名詞則可以放在詞組其后。　如：I want to watch TV. Please turn on the TV. 也可以講： Please turn the TV on.

　　[誤] He drove quickly his new car.

　　[正] He drove his new car quickly.