一、定語從句
1. 定語從句三步:第一找出先行詞;第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能(做主語、賓語或狀語);第三選擇
合適的關聯(lián)詞。
2. 定語從句在選擇關連詞 that 與 which 時,常常容易出錯,所以應記住什么時候只能用 that,什么時候只能用which.
(1).只能用 that 的情況歸納 4 種:即先得詞被序數(shù)詞最高級修飾過;先行詞為 all 、everything、nothing 等不定代詞;先行詞同時是人和物并列時;最后先行詞分別被 the only 、the very the same、the last 修飾。請看下列四組例句,注意其先行詞:
①.The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan .
、.I t almost seemed as if the good man were trying to teach us all that he knew at this lesson .
、.Later my father and Mr.Crosset talked for about half an four of things and persons that they remembered in school.
、.This is the very dictionary that I want to find .
(2).只用 which is 情況有兩種情況:一是非限制性定語從句,關連詞要用 which;二是做介詞賓語時只能用
which。請看下列兩組例句:
I said nothing , which made him more angry .
I have the book about which you are talking .
三、在定語從句的非限制性定語中,which 和 as 是容易混淆的。在很多情況下兩者兼可互換,但在下列情況中不可互換:
1、通常 As 可以放在整句的句首,而 which,只能在逗號之后,as 本身含有“正如”,as 在定語從句中既可是主語也可做賓語
As appear from her paper ,she has read widely in Romantic literature.
She is remarkable, as I have told you .
2、 which 在做非限制性定語從句關聯(lián)詞時可以無明確先行詞,指前句整個的意思,如:she has warried again,which surprises us .
四、在定語從句中,許多人往往分不清 all that 和 what,what 實際上只引導名詞性從句,它相當于 all that 兩個字, 例如:
All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.
種類 |
先行詞 |
關聯(lián)詞 |
例 句 |
說 明 |
定語從句 |
人或物的 |
whose |
The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams 那位教授是威廉斯他的女兒教你英語。 The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams. The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. 那輛壞了閘的自行車現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)修好了。 =The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired |
whose 在從句中做定語 指某人的也可以用… of whom 代替 whose 指物時也可以用…of which 代 替 whose |
人或 |
that |
The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang. 正在彈鋼琴的那位婦女是張小姐。 I’d like to see the films that are just on show. 我想看那些剛上映的電影。 |
that 指人做主語 that 指物做主語 | ||
種類 |
先行詞 |
關聯(lián)詞 |
例 句 |
說 明 | |
物 mallu,chlitt和le some,an y every ,no 構 成 的合 成 代詞 人或物 |
They talked for about an hour of things and |
先行詞分別表示人 | |||
persons that they remember in the school. 他們談起他們所記得起的學校里的人和事, |
和物,關系代詞要用 that, 不用 who 或 | ||||
that |
談了大約有半個小時。 I’ll tell you all(that )I know about it . 我要告訴你我所知道這件事的一切情況。 Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 有什么我可以幫助做的事嗎? |
which 先行詞表示物,關系代 詞用 that 不用 which, 在從句中做 賓語可省去 。如果 | |||
I’ve brought everything (that )you need. 我把你需要的東西都拿來了。 |
先行詞是人時,關系 代詞不受制約, 用 | ||||
that 或 who (whom) 均可 | |||||
that |
This is the best film that I have seen . 這是我看過的最好的一部電影。 |
||||
The first place that we’ll visit is Beijing Library. 我們要參觀的第一個地方是北京圖書館 |
先行詞被形容詞最 高級或序數(shù)詞修飾 | ||||
時定語從句用 that 引導。 | |||||
定語從句 |
人 或物 |
that |
He is the only person that is believable. 他是唯一可靠的人。 John is the very person that she wants to see. 約翰正是她要見的人。 |
先行詞被 the only, the very,the same 等修飾時用關系代詞that. | |
Who is the man that is talking with Tom ? 正在和湯姆談話的人是誰? |
|||||
Which of the books that you bought is easy to read? 你買的那些書中哪一本容易讀。 |
當 主 句 以 who 、 which 開頭的特殊疑 問句時,定語從句要 | ||||
用 that | |||||
時間 |
when |
He came at a time when we. needed him most. 他在我們最需要的時候來了。 |
在定語從句中作時 間狀語 | ||
We’ll never forget the day when the People’s |
|||||
Republic of China was founded. 我們永遠不會忘記中華人民共和國成立的那 |
|||||
一天。 |
注:先行詞是 time, minute, moment, next tim 很少用關系副詞 when,可用 that 但通常省去。
地點 |
where |
This is the room where he put up for the night. 這就是他渡過夜晚的那房子。 |
在定語從句中作地點狀語 |
原因 理由 |
why |
I know the reason why she studies so well . 我知道她學習好的原因。 |
在定語從句中作原因狀語 |
八、名詞性從句
知識要點:
1、熟悉并掌握各個連接詞、關系代詞和連接副詞的用法。
2、熟悉并掌握復合句即名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句),定語從句和狀語從句。什么叫復合句
由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子叫復合句。在復合句中主句是全句的主體,從句是全句的一個成分,不能獨立。
從句通常是用關聯(lián)詞來引導的。在這里關聯(lián)詞還起聯(lián)系從句和主句的作用。
主從復合句(Complex Sentences) 一、從句的種類:
1、名詞性從句Noun Clauses |
主語從句(Subject Clauses) |
表語從句(Predicative Clauses) | |
賓語從句(Object Clauses) | |
同位語從句(Appositive Clauses) | |
2、定語從句 |
(Attributive Clauses) |
3、狀語從句 |
(Adverbial Clauses) |
注:以 it 作形式主語,把主語從句后置的常用的句型有:
(1)It + be + 形容詞 + that 從句
(2)It + be + 名詞詞組 + that 從句
(3)It + be + 過去分詞 + that 從句
(4) It seem, happen 等不及物動詞 + that 從句二、常用的關聯(lián)詞
1、從屬連詞 |
that(無詞義);whether 是否;if 假如,是否 |
although(though)雖然;because 因為 | |
when 當…時候;before 在…前;after 在…后 | |
since 既然,自從;as 正如,盡管,一邊,由于;while 在…期間 | |
as soon as 一…就;as long as 只要;as if 好像 | |
2、連接代詞 |
who, whom, which, what, whose |
3、連接副詞 |
when, where, why, how |
4、關系代詞 |
who, whom, whose, which, that |
5、關系副詞 |
when, where, why |
1、主語從句:
種類 |
關聯(lián)詞 |
例 句 |
說 明 | |
主語從句 |
連 詞 |
that |
That he will come and help you is certain. 他來幫助你是確實無疑的。 |
that 在句首不可省去 |
whether |
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。 |
主 語 從 句 中 只 能 用 whether 不可用 if。 | ||
連 接代詞 |
who what which whatever |
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我們說什么,還不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 誰 能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。 |
主語從句放在句首,句子常顯得笨重,因此一般把它移到句子后面,前面用引導詞“it”來作形式主語。 | |
連 接副詞 |
when where why how |
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英語晚會將在哪里舉行,還沒有宣布。 |
種類 |
關聯(lián)詞 |
例 句 |
說 明 | |
從 句 |
意義 |
what, when, where, why, how,whoever, whatever, whichever |
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要幫助的人,她都會給予熱情的支持。 |
|
注 1 |
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我們必須認清無論誰違反了法律都要受到懲 罰。 |
如果賓語從句后面有賓語補足語,則用 it 作形式賓語,將從句后置。 | ||
注 2 |
We don’t think you are here. 我們認為你不在這。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他 不會這樣做。 |
think, believe, imagine, suppose 等動詞引出的賓語從句,要將從句中的否定形式,移動主句中。 |
3、表語從句:
種類 |
關聯(lián)詞 |
例 句 |
說 明 | |
表語從 句 |
連 詞 |
that whether as if |
The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. 問題是他們不能很早到達這里。 It looks as if it’s going to rain. 看起來天要下雨。 |
在非正式的文體中 that 可以省去。 |
連 接代詞 |
who what which |
That’s just what I want. 這正是我想要的。 The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 問題是誰(你們哪一位)接著發(fā)言。 |
表語從句位于主句系動詞之后 | |
連 接副詞 |
when where why how |
This is where our problem lies. 這就是我們的問題所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他為什么不到會的原因。 |
。
名詞性從句包括四種從句即主語從句、表詞從句、賓語從句和同位詞從句。名詞性從句的特點:that 、who、
whom、 what 、whether 及 when、 where 引導名詞性從句時必須是陳述句詞序:
1、主詞從句:
That light travels in straight line is known to all .
(That 引導主語從句不可省)
When the plan is to take off hasn’t been announced . 主語從句通常以 it 做形主語出現(xiàn)
It was my fault that I had him play foatball all faternoon.
It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher.
2、表語從句,即名詞性從句放在表語位置就是表語從句,需要注意的,主語是 reason 時,表語要用 that 引導而不是 because.
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
3、賓語從句 that ?梢允÷,并且注意時態(tài)呼應,當主句為過去時時,從句時態(tài)一定往前推移,不可出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時。
The teacher told us that Tomo had left us for America.
4、同位語從句注意與定語從句區(qū)別,同位語從句對前一名詞做補充說明,在從句中無語法位置,而定語從句所修飾詞在從句中占一語法位置如:
The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.( 同位 idea 在從句中
無位置,而從句只是具體說明 idea 的內容)。
The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong .(定語從句,idea 做put forward 的賓語)。