A
In simple words,secondhand smoke is smoke that a non-smoker breathes in from a smoker.Most of us know this as passive smoking.We see people who are very happy about the fact that they don’t smoke and how they have saved themselves from one of the most common and dangerous addictions.However,secondhand smoke is just as dangerous as active smoking.
Short term effects of smoking are usually observed in a few weeks of exposure to regular passive smoking.One of the earliest observed short term effects of smoking is that teeth will change color and the sense of smell reduces.That teeth change color is however observed only in active smokers.Due to chemicals that cause early aging,you might observe wrinkles as the initial sign.Your breath will smell due to the constant passing of smoke.It also affects eyes and they might water a lot along with frequent blinking (眨眼).Short term effects of smoking indicate that smoking is affecting your body.
A lot of long term effects of smoking in general are highly dangerous and may even result in death.One of the most noticeable dangers of secondhand smoke is that secondhand smokers can have cancers.Smoking causes not just one but many cancers including cancers of the kidney,nose,stomach and liver.
Secondhand smoke also has many effects on women who are in a family way.An expecting mother can pass on a lot of the poisonous particles to her unborn.
Lung diseases are again an outcome of secondhand smoke.If a person is continuously in company of a regular smoker,the smoke will have its effects on both.A lot of smokers suffer from some lung disease and it leads to difficulty in contraction (收縮) and expansion of lungs,which,in turn,eventually causes breathing problems.
Title Dangers of Secondhand Smoking 1. of
Secondhand Smoke Also called 2. smoke;it is smoke breathed in from a smoker. Short term effects ●Teeth’s changing color in 3. smokers
●The sense of smell reducing
●4. aging
●Breath’s smelling
●Eyes’ watering a lot with frequent blinking Long term effects ●Many long term effects of smoking are of high 5. and may even cause death.
●It can lead to the 6. of cancers,cancers of the kidney,nose,stomach and liver 7. . Effects on
8. women An expecting mother can transmit many poisonous particles to her unborn. Causes of lung diseases A person 9. a regular smoker,the smoke will have its effects on both.It will at last bring about 10. problems.
B
(2014·安徽馬鞍山第一次質(zhì)檢)
For years,researchers have looked into a possible relationship between heat and violence.There are conflicting results over whether there is an actual connection between rising anger and rising temperature,but the murder rate constantly increases during the months of July and August,according to the FBI’s annual crime report.
Many police chiefs say they put more policemen on the streets when the heat rises.“Calls for service always increase from May,June,July and August,” said New Bedford’s Captain Richard Spirit.“The longer period of time you have the heat,the worse it is.It’s just the opposite in the winter time.”
Craig Anderson,a professor and specialist in social psychology at Lowa State University,argues the evidence is clear.“As the temperature goes up,people become more uncomfortable.They become easier to get angry,” he said.“That increases the possibility that a small conflict will be interpreted as more major.” Anderson conducted a couple of studies looking at crime rates over the course of several years within the same area to see when most violent crimes occurred.He found that violent crimes were more likely to occur on hot days and hot months—even hot years had higher violent rates than cold years,according to his research.
Other research shows it is not so much the physical climate,but rather the social climate,that causes increased violence.“During the summer months,people stay up later.They talk with their neighbors.They party with their friends,” said Jack Levin,director of the Brudnick Centre on Violence at Northeastern University.“There are more likely to be large numbers of people interacting,and they are more likely to argue.”
Perhaps the realization that there is a link will help people in an argument step back and say,“Let’s cool off”—both literally (字面上地) and figuratively (比喻地).
Title Heat and Violence Theme Violence possibly has a 1. with heat. Facts ☆July and August witness the 2. increase of murder rate.
More policemen are called in with the heat 3..
☆People get angry more 4. as the temperature goes up. 5. of the research Fewer violent crimes occur on 6. days.
The 7. climate causes increased violence.
People usually go to 8. later during the summer months.
There are more likely to be 9. when people chat with each other. Conclusion 10. the link will help people in an argument cool off.
C
(2014·安徽六校教育研究會(huì)2月聯(lián)考)
Once kids hit the teenage years,parenting becomes more difficult than ever.Establishing effective house rules is one of the best ways to educate teenagers.House rules must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure they behave responsibly.
How can effective house rules be established?
First of all,get your teenager to take part in making the rules,which can help keep them motivated to follow them.Ask their opinion about what sorts of things they think are important when creating the rules and try to include some of their ideas.
When creating the list of rules,don’t list every single rule imaginable.Instead,try to limit it to the ten most important rules.I’ve seen some parents come up with several pages of rules which turn out to be more like a rule book rather than a list.Remember,it is important to make the list easy to remember and to be a basic guide.
Then,it is important that you write out the list of rules and hang them in a prominent (顯眼的) location.Keeping the rules on the refrigerator or displayed somewhere where everyone can see them is a good reminder.Revise the rules whenever there’s a need,not very frequently though.
Explain clearly in advance what negative consequences will be in store when a rule gets broken.But ensure that none of your consequences are equal to abusive parenting.For example,take off the rule that says—“if you don’t get home by 11 at night,make arrangements to stay elsewhere until morning”.Let helping with small household chores like cleaning up their own rooms serve as consequences for disobeying rules.
Following these tips on establishing effective house rules accompanied by constant positive reinforcement (執(zhí)行) will help improve your teenager’s behavior.Hope you can direct your teenager to become a responsible and independent person with the help of house rules!
Establishing house rules for 1.
Requirements for house rules They must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and 2. teenagers behave responsibly. 3. on how to establish effective house rules 4. teenagers in making the rules ●Ask their opinions
●Include their ideas Keeping the house rules simple ●Avoid 5. every single rule
●Limit the list to the most important rules Creating a 6. list of rules ●Put it up somewhere visible to 7. your teenager of the rules
●Make the rules revised when necessary Giving a clear 8. of the consequences ●Don’t abuse children if they 9. rules Conclusion Your teenager’s behavior will be 10. with the help of effective house rules.
##
A
第1,6,8題為信息歸納題。
1.Meaning/Definition 此處介紹什么是二手煙,即說明二手煙的定義。故填Meaning/Definition。
2.passive 根據(jù)第一段第二句可知,二手煙又被稱作為被動(dòng)吸煙。故此空處填passive。
3.active 根據(jù)第二段第三句“That teeth change color is however observed only in active smokers.”可知,牙齒變色只在主動(dòng)吸煙的人身上被觀察到。
4.Early 根據(jù)第二段第四句“Due to chemicals that cause early aging,...”可知,此處填Early。
5.danger 根據(jù)第三段第一句可知,吸煙的長(zhǎng)期影響總的來說是高危險(xiǎn)的,此處用(of) danger相當(dāng)于文章中的dangerous。
6.occurrence 根據(jù)第三段第二句可知,吸二手煙會(huì)導(dǎo)致癌癥,即可能導(dǎo)致癌癥的“發(fā)生”,故填表示“發(fā)生”的名詞occurrence。
7.included 吸煙會(huì)導(dǎo)致癌癥包括腎癌、鼻癌、胃癌及肝癌等。注意:sth./sb.included=including sth./sb.。
8.pregnant 根據(jù)第四段第一句可知,此處用pregnant對(duì)應(yīng)于該句中的in a family way。
9.accompanying 最后一段中第二句提到“If a person is continuously in company of a regular smoker,the smoke will have its effects on both.”,accompany=be in company of,表格中的句子逗號(hào)前是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)accompany和a person之間的主動(dòng)關(guān)系可知,此處應(yīng)用accompanying。
10.breathing 根據(jù)最后一句可知答案。此處表格中的bring about表示“招致”,相當(dāng)于文章最后一句中的cause。
B
第5,6,8題為信息歸納題。
1.connection/relationship/relation/link 文章第一段第一句介紹了文章的主題:熱和暴力之間可能會(huì)有一定的“聯(lián)系”。
2.constant 根據(jù)第一段第二句話可知,七八月份兇殺案發(fā)生率不斷上升,此處應(yīng)用constantly的形容詞形式,修飾名詞increase。
3.rising/rise 根據(jù)第二段第一句可知答案。
4.easily 根據(jù)第三段中Craig Anderson說的話可知,隨著溫度的上升,人們更不舒適,就更容易發(fā)怒。此處用easily這個(gè)副詞修飾get angry。
5.Findings/Results 此處介紹了研究的結(jié)果,故填Results/Findings。
6.cold/winter 根據(jù)第三段的說明可知,暴力犯罪在較冷的天氣較少。
7.social 根據(jù)第四段第一句可知答案。
8.sleep/bed 根據(jù)第四段中“During the summer months,people stay up later.”一句可知,夏天人們通常睡覺較晚。
9.arguments 根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句可知,人們交談時(shí)更容易爭(zhēng)執(zhí),此處應(yīng)用argue的名詞。
10.Realizing 根據(jù)最后一段可知,意識(shí)到熱和暴力之間的聯(lián)系可以幫助爭(zhēng)吵的人們冷靜。此處應(yīng)用句中realization的動(dòng)詞-ing形式。
C
第2,3,7題為信息歸納題。
1.teenagers 文章首段介紹了全文的主旨,即當(dāng)孩子進(jìn)入到青少年時(shí)期時(shí),養(yǎng)育孩子更難了,建立有效的家庭規(guī)則是教育青少年的最好方式之一。
2.ensure 根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知,此處應(yīng)用ensure相當(dāng)于句中的make sure。
3.Tips/Suggestions/Advice 第二段是過渡,說明了下文寫作的目的是提出“建議”。
4.Involving 根據(jù)第三段第一句可知,要讓孩子參與制定規(guī)則,該縱欄用的是動(dòng)詞-ing形式開頭,此處也應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞-ing形式。
5.listing 根據(jù)第四段第一句可知,此處用avoid listing等同于句中的don’t list。
6.written 由第五段第一句可知,應(yīng)將規(guī)則寫出來,即用“書面的(written)”條文來顯示。
7.remind 由第五段中“Keeping the rules on the refrigerator or displayed somewhere where everyone can see them is a good reminder.”一句可知,將規(guī)則張貼的目的是“提醒(remind)”孩子知道。
8.explanation 由第六段第一句可知,此處應(yīng)填explain的名詞形式。
9.disobey/break 根據(jù)第六段第一、二句可知,當(dāng)孩子“不遵守”規(guī)則時(shí),不要去辱罵他們。
10.improved 最后一段為全文的總結(jié)段,根據(jù)第一句可知,運(yùn)用規(guī)則可以“改進(jìn)(improve)”孩子的行為。
