Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(40 points )

　　Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage 1

　　Human needs seem endless. When a hungry man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when a manager gets a new sports car, a big house and pleasure boats dance into view.

　　The many needs of mankind might be regarded as making up several levels. When there is money enough to satisfy one level of needs, another level appears.

　　The first and most basic level of needs involves food. Once this level is satisfied, the second level of needs, clothing and some sort of shelter, appears. By the end of World War II, these needs were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. Then a third level appeared. It included such items as automobiles and new houses.

　　By 1957 or 1958 this third level of needs was fairly well satisfied. Then, in the late 1950s, a fourth level of needs appeared: the “l(fā)ife�瞖nriching” level. While the other levels involve physical satisfaction, that is, the feeding, comfort, safety, and transportation, this level stresses mental needs for recognition, achievement, and happiness. It includes a variety of goods and services, many of which could be called “l(fā)uxury” items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical and dental care, and recreation. Also included here are fancy goods and the latest styles in clothing.

　　On the fourth level, a lot of money is spent on services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of needs as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?

　　A fifth level would probably involve needs that can be achieved best by community action. Consumers may be spending more on taxes to pay for government action against disease, ignorance, crim, and prejudice. After filling our stomachs, our clothes closets, our garages, our teeth, and our minds, we now may seek to ensure the health, safety, and leisure to enjoy more fully the good things on the first four levels.

　　16. According to the passage, man will begin to think about such needs as housing and clothing only when ______.

　　A. he has saved up enough money

　　B. he has grown dissatisfied with his simple shelter

　　C. he has satisfied his hunger

　　D. he has learned to build houses

　　17. It can be inferred from the passage that by the end of World War Ⅱ, most Americans ______.

　　A. were very rich

　　B. lived in poverty

　　C. had the good things on the first three levels

　　D. did not own automobiles

　　18. Which of the following is NOT related to “physical satisfaction”?

　　A. A successful career. B. A comfortable home.

　　C. A good meal. D. A family car.

　　19. What is the main concern of man on the fourth level?

　　A. The more goods the better.

　　B. The more mental satisfaction the better.

　　C. The more “l(fā)uxury” items the better.

　　D. The more earnings the better.

　　20. The author tends to think that the fifth level ______.

　　A. would be little better than the fourth level

　　B. may be a lot more desirable than the first four

　　C. can be the last and most satisfying level

　　D. will become attainable before the government takes actions

　　Passage 2

　　In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning”. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associates his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.

　　The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning”. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.

　　Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

　　21. The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to ______.

　　A. teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions

　　B. give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning

　　C. give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learning

　　D. discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced

　　22. If your jokes often find a ready echo in a person, you will learn through ______that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.

　　A. classical conditioning B. neither of them

　　C. operant conditioning D. some other sorts of conditioning

　　23. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through ______.

　　A. classical conditioning B. both of them

　　C. operant conditioning D. neither of them

　　24. In the third paragraph, the author is ______.

　　A. discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day

　　B. talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning

　　C. concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on

　　D. using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning

　　25. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss ______.

　　A. definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings

　　B. the third kind of learning

　　C. further examples of learning through operant conditioning

　　D. none of the above