2018年學(xué)位英語閱讀理解習(xí)題及答案（3）

　　DNA

　　Each living cell contained the message EAT, GROW, SPLIT, AND PASS THIS MESSAGE ALONG. But how could cells understand a message> they couldn’t read or write, so what form could these instructions take? For a long time this question baffled (使困惑)scientists, and they worked hard to figure out how the messages of life were passed from generation to generation.

　　Then in 1953, four scientists solved the mystery. James Waston and Francis Crick, helped by the work of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, figured out the structure if a super-molecule(超分子)called DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid 脫氧核糖核酸的縮略)，which contains the cell messages. The three men became world famous and won the Nobel Prize, which is one of the highest honors a scientist can be awarded. But Rosalind Franklin died before people realized how important her work was.

　　Because DNA is too small to be seen under a microscope, the scientists had to figure out how the molecules that made DNA were fitted together. They discovered that the DNA molecule looked like a twisted rope ladder (扭曲的繩梯), which they called a double helix(雙螺旋). The “rope” and “steps” of the DNA, they said, were made of four kinds of nucleotide (核甘)bases hooked together in special ways that could carry the coed messages of life.

　　DNA is in the middle of all living cells. It acts as a memory and control for all growth and reproduction. Each “step” in the twisted ladder is a coded “word” of instructions telling the cell how to build itself up step by step, and when to split in two.

　　When a cell divides, the DNA “unzip”(解開拉練) into two strands (串)，one for each new cells. Each DNA strand contains the full message, and immediately starts building itself back to a double helix by using the chemicals “eaten” by the cells. Soon each cell in the new generation has a full DNA molecule inside it, just like the one in its parent cell. Then the process of growth and division starts all over again.

　　1. Which of the following statements is not true?

　　A. Each living cell can take instructions. B. The DNA molecule is a twisted rope ladder.

　　C. DNA acts as a memory and control center for all growth and reproduction.

　　D. DNA gave the first living cells the ability to split and started the amazing story of life.

　　2. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

　　A. Rosalind Franklin won the Nobel Prize for her work on DNA

　　B. People did not solve the mystery of DNA until the year 1853

　　C. The discovery of DNA has exerted a profound influence on scientific world

　　D. Maurice Wilkins died before people realized how important his work was

　　3. According to the passage, the DNA molecule turns out to be ____.

　　A. a twisted rope ladder B. “steps” C. coded “words” D. four kinds of nucleotide bases

　　4. The phrase “the coded messages of life” in the third paragraph can be best replaced by _____.

　　A. the instructions to eat, grow, split and to pass this message along

　　B. the process of cell growth and cell division C. the instructions to build itself up

　　D. the instructions to split itself in two

　　5. In the final analysis, a double helix signifies____.

　　A. the chemicals “eaten” by the cell B. the structure of a super-molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid

　　C. the two strands, one for each new cell D. the parent cell and the body cells

　　內(nèi)容提示與分析： 本文主要圍繞DNA講述了一些生物技術(shù)的知識。文章開頭提出的問題是：為什么生命信息從一代傳向下一代?科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)DNA正是秘密所在。隨后介紹了DNA的雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)。DNA處于活細(xì)胞的中心，象個記憶庫記憶著信息;最后介紹了DNA通過自我復(fù)制生成新的DNA的過程。

　　答案及分析：1. B分析：文章第三段第二句提到：“They discovered that the DNA molecule looked like a twisted rope ladder, which they called a double helix.” DNA 只是看起來像繩子，并非說它真是如此。選項B混淆了事實與比喻。故答案為B。

　　2. C分析：由文章第二段可知，科學(xué)家獲得了諾貝爾獎，可見其成就的重要性。尤其在最后一句明確指出他們工作的重要性，所以C正確。A不對，因為弗蘭克林在獲獎之前已經(jīng)去世;B不對，1953年只是發(fā)現(xiàn)了DNA，并不意味著完全了解了其秘密;D也不對，與原文不符。故答案為C。

　　3. D分析：由文章第三段最后一句“The rope and steps of the DNA, they said, were made of four kinds of nucleotide bases hooked together in special ways that could carry the coded messages of life 可知答案，故答案為D�！�

　　4. A分析：本體的答案就是第一段第一句：“Each living cell contained the message EAT, GROW, SPLIT, AND PASS THIS MESSAGE ALONG.”之所以選A,是因為它包含的內(nèi)容最全面，而B, C D三個選項都僅說到了問題的一個方面，故答案為A.

　　5. B分析：本題考察對文章的推理。由第三段中的“… which contains the cell messages.”可知答案，雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)就是指DNA的結(jié)構(gòu)。故答案為B。

　　Water Pollution

　　Water problem in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wasters, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for building wasters. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wasters, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.

　　There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wasters “prior to” disposal and the treatment of liquid wasters, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.

　　A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts. Other industries are exploring potential; economic uses for their waste products.

　　1. The purpose of this passage is _____.

　　A. to acquaint the reader with water pollution problems

　　B. to alert the reader the dwindling water supply

　　C. to explain industrial uses of water

　　D. to demonstrate various uses of water

　　2. Which of the following points is NOT included in the passage?

　　A. Expanding industries need larger volume of water.

　　B. Demands for water will go up along with the expanding population.

　　C. Intensive cultivation of land requires more and more chemicals.

　　D. Industrial development includes the simplification of complex chemical processing.

　　3. The word “prior to” in Paragraph 2 probably mean____.

　　A. during B. after C. before D. beyond

　　4. The reader can conclude that_____.

　　A. Countries of the world will work together on pollution problems.

　　B. Some industries are now making economic use of wastes

　　C. Byproducts from wastes lead to a more prosperous marketplace

　　D. Science is making great progress on increasing water supplies

　　5. The author gives substance to the passage through the use of ____.

　　A. interviews with authorities in the field of water controls B. definitions which clarify important terms

　　C. opinions and personal observations D. strong arguments and persuasions

　　內(nèi)容提示與分析： 這是一篇介紹水污染以及水污染解決辦法的文章。全文可以分為兩個部分：第一部分主要介紹水污染越來越嚴(yán)重，比如人口劇增使城市污水增加，工業(yè)擴大使含有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)的污水增加。為了解決這些問題，必須采取一定的方法;第二部分主要介紹了兩個解決方法，第一個方法是處理污水以降低其危害，廢水再利用。第二個方法是經(jīng)濟有效的利用污水。比如農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉和提供工業(yè)用水。

　　答案及分析：1. A分析：這篇文章主要介紹污水的現(xiàn)狀以及治理方法。A包含這層意思;B警告讀者要縮減水的供應(yīng)，原文沒有這個意思;C解釋水在工業(yè)上的應(yīng)用，太片面;D 演示水的不同用法，文中只是介紹污水的使用。故答案為A.

　　2. D分析：原文中“Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wasters,”剛好與答案D的論述相反，所以文章一定沒有包含D這個選項的內(nèi)容。其他選項在文章中都可以找到。故答案為D。

　　3. C分析：按照常理推斷，處理污水應(yīng)該先過濾掉固體物質(zhì)，然后再對剩下的液體進行處理，所以“prior to”一定是“在…之前”的意思，另外，在文章的第二段的末尾有“minimize pollution upon final disposal”,與前面的“disposal”相對應(yīng)，應(yīng)該可以分析出，這個“disposal”是“final”的，所以“prior to”是“在…之前”的意思。故答案為C。

　　4. B分析：這幾個選項說得都沒有錯，但是能夠從文章中推斷出來的只有B。A文章沒有提及國家間的合作;C文章指說明副產(chǎn)品可以進入市場，但是不一定會帶來市場的繁榮;D文章關(guān)于水供給的論述幾乎沒有，故答案為B。

　　5. C分析：從全文來看，作者只是在表達(dá)個人的觀點以及陳述個人觀察的結(jié)果，并沒有采訪專家;也不是在爭論駁斥，勸服他人;更不是在界定一個重要的術(shù)語，故答案為C。