2.

　　Reading involves looking atgraphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent.Concepts of reading have changed 36 over the centuries. During the 1950sespecially, increased attention has been devoted to 37 and describing the reading process. 38 specialists agree that reading 39 a complex organization ofhigher mental 40 , they disagree 41 the exact nature of the process. Some experts,who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, 42 reading as simply the decoding of symbols tothe sounds they stand 43 .

　　These authorities 44 that meaning, being concerned with thinking,must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain thatreading is 45 relatedto thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without 46 their meaning is not truly reading. Thereader, 47 to some, is not just a person with atheoretical ability to read but one who 48 reads.

　　Many adults, althoughthey have the ability to read, have never read a book in its 49 . Bysome experts they would not be 50 asreaders. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of readingwill depend on the definition one uses. By the most 51 and satisfactory definition, reading is theability to 52 the sound symbols' code of the language, tointerpret meaning for various 53 , at various rates, and at various levelsof difficulty, and to do 54 widelyand enthusiastically. 55 short,reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representingsounds and ideas.

　　36. A. substantively B. substantially C. substitutively D.subjectively

　　37. A. distributing B.promoting C. defining D. reporting

　　38. A. Although B.If C. Unless D. Until

　　39. A. involves B.takes C. reveals D. invites

　　40. A. opinions B.effects C. manners D. functions

　　41. A.of B. about C.for D. into

　　42. A.view B. look C. reassure D. agree

　　43. A.by B. to C. off D. for

　　44. A.content B. contend C. contempt D. contact

　　45. A. inexplicably B.inexpressibly C. inextricably D. inexpediently

　　46. A. interpreting B.telling C. explaining D. reading

　　47. A.like B. for C.according D. as

　　48. A.totally B. usually C. mainly D. actually

　　49. A. part B. entirety C.chapter D. section

　　50. A.claimed B. said C. classified D. graded

　　51. A.inclusive B. inclinable C. conclusive D. complicated

　　52. A.break B. elaborate C. define D. unlock

　　53. A.purposes B. degrees C. stages D. steps

　　54. A.such B. so as C. so D. such as

　　55. A.By B. In C. On D. To

　　答案解析：

　　36. B

　　詞義辨析題。substantively意為“實(shí)質(zhì)地”，substantially意為“充分地，很多地”，substitutively意為“可替代地”，subjectively意為“主觀地”。本句意為“經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)，閱讀的概念已經(jīng)________改變了”，選項(xiàng)B與最符合句意。

　　37. C

　　介詞用法題。本句中的to是介詞，應(yīng)該接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。結(jié)合其后“and describing the reading process”可知，應(yīng)選C。

　　38. A

　　詞義辨析題。兩個(gè)分句的謂語(yǔ)分別是agree和disagree，由此可知，這兩個(gè)分句應(yīng)為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故選A。

　　39. A

　　詞義辨析題。involve意為“卷入，包括”，take意為“拿走，獲得”，reveal意為“顯示，揭露”，invite意為“邀請(qǐng)”。結(jié)合句意“專家們認(rèn)為閱讀________更高的、更復(fù)雜的智力活動(dòng)”，A項(xiàng)最合適。

　　40. D

　　詞義辨析題。mental function意為“智力活動(dòng)”，故選D。opinion意為“意見(jiàn)”，manner意為“行為”，effect意為“影響”，這三項(xiàng)與mental搭配均不符合句意，故排除。

　　41. B

　　慣用搭配題。disagree about/on意為“對(duì)……有不同意見(jiàn)”，故選B。

　　42. A

　　慣用搭配題。view...as是慣用搭配，意為“把……看做”，故選A。look是不及物動(dòng)詞，如要使用，應(yīng)加上介詞at。

　　43. D

　　慣用搭配題。stand by意為“支持”，stand to意為“遵守”，stand off意為“疏遠(yuǎn)”，stand for意為“代表”。結(jié)合句意可知，D項(xiàng)正確。

　　44. B

　　詞義辨析題。content意為“內(nèi)容”，contend意為“爭(zhēng)論，主張”，contemp意為“輕視”，contact意為“接觸”。結(jié)合句意可知，B項(xiàng)正確。

　　45. A

　　詞義辨析題。inexplicably意為“無(wú)法解釋地”，inexpressibly意為“說(shuō)不來(lái)出地”，inextricably意為“解決不了地”，inexpediently意為“不明智地”。結(jié)合句意可知，A項(xiàng)正確。