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2017成人英語閱讀理解題的新技能

來源:考試網(wǎng)  [ 2017年7月28日 ]  【

  閱讀理解除了要求正確理解事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的能力外,還經(jīng)常需要考生根據(jù)一定上下文對某些詞匯的意義進(jìn)行推斷、根據(jù)所讀材料理解文章隱含的意義和深層次的含義、歸納文章主題思想、通過概括得出結(jié)論、綜合判斷作者態(tài)度等,這就要求考生具備相應(yīng)的閱讀理解微技能,與考試密切相關(guān)的一些微技能包括詞匯的理解、預(yù)測、判斷、歸納和推理。

  詞匯的理解

  對于閱讀中碰到的生僻詞,我們首先要學(xué)會(huì)識別哪些情況下即使不了解詞義也不影響對短文的理解;其次是轉(zhuǎn)變對生僻詞義認(rèn)識上的態(tài)度,即在許多情況下不必了解該詞的確切意義,尤其沒有必要了解它在英漢辭典中的中文釋義,而只需對該詞詞義的大概而籠統(tǒng)的理解就行。實(shí)踐中,在確定了短文中哪些生僻詞的詞義有必要作一大概了解后,我們可以從以下兩個(gè)角度來猜度詞義:

  (1) 構(gòu)詞知識

  即利用單詞的構(gòu)詞要素詞根,前后綴來識記單詞。

  詞根是一個(gè)單詞的根本部分,代表詞的基本意義;前綴是加在詞根或單詞前面的部分,通常也有一定含義;后綴是加在詞根或單詞后面的部分,通常在增加詞義的同時(shí)還改變詞性。通過詞根詞綴構(gòu)詞的方式有多種,現(xiàn)簡單歸納如下:

 、偾熬Y 詞根:inter(中間) vene→intervene(介入):

 、谠~根 后綴:circl(圓) let(小)→circlet(小環(huán))

 、墼~根 詞根:tele(遠(yuǎn)) scope(鏡)→telescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡)

 、芮熬Y 詞根 后綴:in(不) aud(聽) ible(可)→inaudible(聽不見)

 、蓦p前綴 詞根:re(再) dis(取下) cover(蓋)→rediscover(再發(fā)現(xiàn))

 、拊~根 雙后綴:care(用心) less(不) ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)

  ⑦前綴 雙詞根:tri(三) gono(角) metry(測量)→trigonometry(三角幾何)

 、嚯p詞根 后綴:biblio(書) phil(愛) ist(人)→bibliophilist(書籍愛好者)

  ⑨雙前綴 詞根 后綴:ir(不) re(反對) sist(站) ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)

  前綴 詞根 雙后綴:se(離) greg(群) ation ist→segregationist(種族隔離主義者)

  雙前綴 詞根 雙后綴:un(不) pre(先) ced(走) ent ed→unprecedented(史無前例的)

  (2) 上下文線索

  利用上下文線索猜測詞義的方法很多,但其核心是尋找與該生僻詞相關(guān)的上下文意義線索,這些線索主要可歸納為以下幾種:

 、偻x定義為了便于讀者理解作者本義,作者有時(shí)會(huì)對文中的生僻詞或?qū)I(yè)性較強(qiáng)的詞直接給出定義。在下定義時(shí),作者常使用一些信號詞,如:is/are(called),means,can be defined as,refer to,is/are known as,signify等,例:

  Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.:

  或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號,如——,()等,例:

  Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.

  有時(shí),作者用同位語形式或連詞or給出定義,例:

  Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollowgutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.

  Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big,complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates,or backboned animals.

  ②近義復(fù)述同一短文中上下毗鄰的句子通常有互釋作用,我們可以從上下文的復(fù)述中獲取與某一單詞相關(guān)的信息來猜度詞義。例:

  Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married.

  Although he often had the opportunity,Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.

  ③反義對照在表示對照的上下文中,常包含有意義相反的詞語或概念,這些意義相反的概念可以互為線索,幫助我們猜度詞義。常有以下一些信號詞:although,but,however,though,whereas,while,yet,on the contrary,on the other hand等。

  例:Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild

  use simple objects as tools,but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.

  Most dentists-offices are drab places,while Emilio's new office is a bright,cheerful place.

 、艽钆浼侠迷~與詞的搭配或該詞所出現(xiàn)的語境,我們也能推知詞義的大概輪廓。例:

  People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套,殼) of the radiator.

  A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive,well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her,he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly,dowdy wife.

 、荼容^舉例上下文中的比較和舉例,能揭示比較物或列舉物之間的共性,我們可根據(jù)這些共性來推知有關(guān)詞語的意思。例:

  The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.

  Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.

  ⑥因果時(shí)間因與果、時(shí)間的先與后都是事物發(fā)展變化過程中的必然關(guān)系,在利用上下文推測詞義時(shí),這些關(guān)系也至關(guān)重要。例:

  Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.

  When Mark was in pedantic mood,he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics

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