成人學位英語考試輔導(dǎo):非限定動詞特色的比較

　　英語動詞有限定(finite)和非限定(non-finite)兩類。

　　句子中的謂語動詞(predicative verb)是限定的;限定動詞受人稱(person)和數(shù)目(number)的限制。此外，還有時態(tài)(tense )、語態(tài)(voice)和情態(tài)(mood)等。例如：

　�、� Good leaders serve the people whole-heartedly.

　　② Jason is giving a public lecture.

　�、� Who did it?

　　④ I would appreciate it if you could do me a favour.

　　在句子中可以施展其他功能的動詞是非限定動詞;這些動詞具有一般動詞的許多特性，但沒有“人稱”和“數(shù)目”的限制。

　　非限定動詞分三種：不定式動詞(the infinitive); 分詞( the participle); 動名詞(the gerund); 分詞又分現(xiàn)在分詞( the present participle)和過去分詞(the past participle)。

　　例如：

　�、� Tom found the prescribed text hard to read.

　�、� Helen has a smiling face.

　　⑦ Your written English is good.

　�、� Smoking is harmful to health.

　�、堇锏氖遣欢ㄊ絼釉~;⑥里的是現(xiàn)在分詞;⑦里的是過去分詞;

　　⑧里的是動名詞。

　　非限定動詞及其短語，語法功能龐大，涉及下列五方面：

　　㈠ 當主語

　　不定式動詞和動名詞都可當句子的主語，取代名詞和代名詞。例如：

　�、� To swim in a warm day is joyful.

　�、� Swimming makes us hale and hearty.

　　㈡ 當補足語

　　可當主語的句子成分也可當補足語。例如：

　　● A good government's desire is serving the people.

　　● What is difficult is to hoodwink the public indefinitely.

　　同樣的，現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞也可充當接系動詞(the linking verb)的補足語。例如：

　　● The witness's evidence is quite convincing.

　　● At long last, John was fully convinced.

　�、� 當賓語

　　不定式動詞和動名詞都可充當及物動詞的賓語。例如：

　　● The baby wanted to drink milk.

　　● Janet suddenly stopped talking.

　　它們也可以成為介詞的賓語，但除了“except, but, about, than”之外，介詞的賓語多數(shù)是動名詞。

　　例如：

　　I am tired of repeating the same point.

　　Most of us desired nothing except to succeed.

　　Betty did nothing useful but talk(不帶“to”)。

　　That weak old man is about to die.

　�、� 當名詞修飾語

　　Don't disturb the sleeping dog.(現(xiàn)在分詞)

　　Can you remove the damaged machine?(過去分詞)

　　that is the only thing to do.(不定式動詞)

　　The sailors came in a fishing boat.(動名詞)

　�、� 當動詞修飾語

　　Walking along the road, he came across a friend.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語)

　　Extremely frightened, the picnickers fled.(過去分詞短語)

　　The athlete stopped to take a rest?(不定式動詞短語)

　　Peter came running.(動名詞)