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中英兩種語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)有很大不同,詞序便是其中一種。例如英語(yǔ)單數(shù)人稱代名詞(singular personal pronouns)的秩序是:You and I; he and I; you, he and I.You常常居前;I則殿后。復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞(plural personal pronouns)的位置是:We and you; you and they; we, you and they.We常常在最前;they在最后。
后面這詞序和中文的一樣,但前面那種排列,卻和中文的不同: “我和你;我和他;我,你,他”。我常在前;他常在后。
簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單的人稱代詞的秩序,就有這么大的差別,其他更復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)之間的差異,可想而知了。
現(xiàn)在試再舉些其他詞序的差異,以饗讀者。 ① 要分清敵我→We must distinguish between ourselves and the enemy. ② 男女老少→men and women, young and old ③ 發(fā)展鋼鐵工業(yè)→develop the iron and steel industry
此外,中英文并列的詞語(yǔ)有輕重之分。中文往往把重的詞放在前,把分量較輕的擺在后;英語(yǔ)則恰恰相反:輕者在前,重者在后。例如: ④ 無(wú)地和少地的農(nóng)民→Those peasants who have little or no land…… ⑤ 救死扶傷→Heal the wounded and rescue the dying. (扶也可譯為“support”或“assist”) ⑥ 使人民經(jīng)濟(jì)有所增長(zhǎng),有所補(bǔ)充→We must help the people to supplement and expand their economy.
上述中英詞序的差異,稍微不察,便會(huì)出錯(cuò),在各別使用中文式英語(yǔ)時(shí),難免感到句式不自然,不舒暢;因此要多多留意。
其實(shí),不談兩種不同語(yǔ)言的詞序,就英語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō),詞序(word order)也是運(yùn)用上的錯(cuò)誤之一,只是不比其他幾種常見錯(cuò)誤普遍罷了。
⒈頻率副詞(adverbs of frequency),如:
⑦a. Jim always is happy.
b. Jim is always happy.
、驳寡b句(inverted constructions),如:
、郺. Only by working hard you can become useful to the country.
b. Only by working hard can you become useful to the country.
、醓. Seldom I have seen such an irrational person.
b. Seldom have I seen such an irrational person.
、鈇. Under no circumstances we will help those not wishing to help themselves.
b. Under no circumstances will we help those not wishing to help themselves.
、晨煞珠_的片語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)(objects of separable phrasal verbs),如:
11a. - Take off your hat, please!
Take off it now !
b. - O.K. Let me take it off straight away.
、遖-11a的詞序都錯(cuò);⑦b-11b的才對(duì)。
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